Primate extinction risk and historical patterns of speciation and extinction in relation to body mass

Matthews, Luke J.; Arnold, Christian; Machanda, Zarin; Nunn, Charles L.

doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1489

Cited by 38 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…While the role of these species on ecosystem function requires further research, the non‐random loss of species has been shown to have negative, cascading effects on the loss of ecosystem functioning in other communities (Larsen et al 2005). Unlike previous studies (Cardillo et al 2005, Matthews et al 2011), though, we did not find body size (as measured by shell size) to be a significant predictor of the fraction of occupied fragments (extinction risk). The proportion of fragments occupied was simply a function of the average number of individuals per fragment.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Fragmentation, grazing and the species–area relationship

Bogich¹,

Barker²,

Mahlfeld³

et al. 2012

Ecography

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Habitat loss is one of the greatest threats to species persistence. Gauging the scale of this problem requires quantitative methods that can predict the number of extinctions resulting from habitat loss. For the past three decades, the species–area relationship, an empirical relationship between the number of species present in an area and the size of that area, has been this tool. However, it fails to incorporate threats to species aside from habitat loss and the heterogeneous distribution of these threats across habitats. Recent studies have improved species–area predictions by incorporating not only direct effects of area on richness, but also indirect effects of area (through area‐mediated predator abundance), on prey species richness. We extend this work to test the hypotheses that the indirect effects of the multiple threats of grazing and trampling in addition to fragmentation will amplify the effect of area on species richness and that this effect will be greatest in zones closest to the fragment edge. Further, we test for species and population level effects of fragmentation and grazing, including the non‐random pattern of species loss and the decline in population sizes. We test our hypotheses with a field study of land snail richness in fragments with and without the additional threats of grazing and trampling. Our study supports the hypotheses that fragments with multiple threats in addition to habitat loss harbour fewer species than fragments without these threats, and that this effect is non‐uniform across fragments, populations and species.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Fragmentation, grazing and the species–area relationship

Bogich¹,

Barker²,

Mahlfeld³

et al. 2012

Ecography

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“…Cross-species data need to consider phylogenetic relatedness (Freckleton et al 2002), and analyses of red-list categories are no exception. Furthermore, red-list categories represent an ordinal variable with probably unequal differences between consecutive levels (Matthews et al 2011). Most previous studies ignored the ordinal scale of the red-list categories (Purvis 2008;Verde Arregoitia et al 2013), even though by ignoring this issue type I errors may be inflated (Matthews et al 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of extinction risk of saproxylic beetles with ecological degradation of forests in Europe

Seibold

Brandl

Buse

et al. 2014

Conservation Biology

224

205

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To reduce future loss of biodiversity and to allocate conservation funds effectively, the major drivers behind large-scale extinction processes must be identified. A promising approach is to link the red-list status of species and specific traits that connect species of functionally important taxa or guilds to resources they rely on. Such traits can be used to detect the influence of anthropogenic ecosystem changes and conservation efforts on species, which allows for practical recommendations for conservation. We modeled the German Red List categories as an ordinal index of extinction risk of 1025 saproxylic beetles with a proportional-odds linear mixed-effects model for ordered categorical responses. In this model, we estimated fixed effects for intrinsic traits characterizing species biology, required resources, and distribution with phylogenetically correlated random intercepts. The model also allowed predictions of extinction risk for species with no red-list category. Our model revealed a higher extinction risk for lowland and large species as well as for species that rely on wood of large diameter, broad-leaved trees, or open canopy. These results mirror well the ecological degradation of European forests over the last centuries caused by modern forestry, that is the conversion of natural broad-leaved forests to dense conifer-dominated forests and the loss of old growth and dead wood. Therefore, conservation activities aimed at saproxylic beetles in all types of forests in Central and Western Europe should focus on lowlands, and habitat management of forest stands should aim at increasing the amount of dead wood of large diameter, dead wood of broad-leaved trees, and dead wood in sunny areas.

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“…Thus, we used it in PGLS regressions and analysis of independent contrasts as a continuous variable. This approach may lead to increased Type I error largely due to potentially unequal distances between subsequent categories [70]. To control for this potential bias, we also coded sociality as a variable with two levels, that can be used as a dummy variable in regressions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual size dimorphism in ground squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae: Marmotini) does not correlate with body size and sociality

Matějů

Kratochvíl

2013

Front Zool

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IntroductionSexual size dimorphism (SSD) is a widespread phenomenon in animals including mammals. It has been demonstrated that across species, the direction and magnitude of sexual dimorphism in body size often corresponds to social systems. Moreover, many animal lineages conform to “Rensch’s rule”, which states that male-biased SSD increases with body size. We tested whether considerable differences in sociality and large variation in body size were connected with the evolution of SSD in the structural body size of ground squirrels, an otherwise ecologically relatively homogenous group of terrestrial rodents.ResultsWe found the general trend of male-biased SSD in ground squirrels, however, male size increases nearly perfectly isometrically with female size among species and sociality does not explain departures from this relationship. Species with different sociality grades significantly differ in body size, with the most social species tending to be the largest.ConclusionsWe suggest that lack of conformity with Rensch´s rule in ground squirrels may be attributed to their low variation in SSD, and briefly discuss three potential causes of small magnitude of SSD in the structural size in rodents: low selection on SSD in structural dimensions, ontogenetic and genetic constraints and the existence of ecological/selection factors preventing the evolution of extensive SSD.

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Primate extinction risk and historical patterns of speciation and extinction in relation to body mass

Cited by 38 publications

References 56 publications

Fragmentation, grazing and the species–area relationship

Fragmentation, grazing and the species–area relationship

Association of extinction risk of saproxylic beetles with ecological degradation of forests in Europe

Sexual size dimorphism in ground squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae: Marmotini) does not correlate with body size and sociality

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