Primate communication in the pure ultrasound

Ramsier, Marissa; Cunningham, A. J.; Moritz, Gillian L.; Finneran, James J.; Williams, Cathy V.; Ong, Perry S.; Gursky, Sharon; Dominy, Nathaniel J.

doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.1149

Cited by 59 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Our suggestion that the selective advantages of visually mediated foraging are relaxed under drier conditions is consistent with field observations in Sulawesi. During the dry season, tarsiers preferentially attend to the rustling of invertebrate prey in leaf litter [48], a broadband acoustic cue [57] to which at least one species is exceedingly sensitive [1].…”

Section: (A) Implications For Anthropoid Originsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inferred L/M cone opsin polymorphism of ancestral tarsiers sheds dim light on the origin of anthropoid primates

et al. 2013

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Tarsiers are small nocturnal primates with a long history of fuelling debate on the origin and evolution of anthropoid primates. Recently, the discovery of M and L opsin genes in two sister species, Tarsius bancanus (Bornean tarsier) and Tarsius syrichta (Philippine tarsier), respectively, was interpreted as evidence of an ancestral long-to-middle (L/M) opsin polymorphism, which, in turn, suggested a diurnal or cathemeral (arrhythmic) activity pattern. This view is compatible with the hypothesis that stem tarsiers were diurnal; however, a reversion to nocturnality during the Middle Eocene, as evidenced by hyperenlarged orbits, predates the divergence of T. bancanus and T. syrichta in the Late Miocene. Taken together, these findings suggest that some nocturnal tarsiers possessed high-acuity trichromatic vision, a concept that challenges prevailing views on the adaptive origins of the anthropoid visual system. It is, therefore, important to explore the plausibility and antiquity of trichromatic vision in the genus Tarsius. Here, we show that Sulawesi tarsiers (Tarsius tarsier), a phylogenetic out-group of Philippine and Bornean tarsiers, have an L opsin gene that is more similar to the L opsin gene of T. syrichta than to the M opsin gene of T. bancanus in non-synonymous nucleotide sequence. This result suggests that an L/M opsin polymorphism is the ancestral character state of crown tarsiers and raises the possibility that many hallmarks of the anthropoid visual system evolved under dim (mesopic) light conditions. This interpretation challenges the persistent nocturnal-diurnal dichotomy that has long informed debate on the origin of anthropoid primates.

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Section: (A) Implications For Anthropoid Originsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tarsiers are an enduring source of fascination [1], both because of their many unique features and because they occupy a central position in the primate phylogenetic tree. The genus Tarsius-represented today by a handful of species within insular Southeast Asia-belongs to a relict lineage with an origin approximately 56 Ma [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inferred L/M cone opsin polymorphism of ancestral tarsiers sheds dim light on the origin of anthropoid primates

et al. 2013

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“…One of the easiest modes of behavior to study among the nocturnal species has been their vocal communication system. Consequently, more attention has been giv-en to their vocalizations than to other harder-to-study aspects of their behavior [Zimmermann and Lerch, 1993;Zimmermann et al, 2000;Ambrose, 2003;Becker et al, 2003;Merker and Groves, 2006;Rovero et al, 2006;Bearder, 2007;Braune et al, 2008;Méndez-Cárdenas and Zimmermann, 2009;Hilgartner et al, 2012;Kappeler, 2012;Ramsier et al, 2012;Gursky-Doyen, 2013]. In addition to providing a clearer understanding of taxonomy, the vocalization studies of the nocturnal primates have also been useful for understanding various aspects of predation [Gursky, 2006], mating behavior, territoriality and even paternity [Kessler et al, 2012].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several recent studies suggest that the previously noted upper range of the duet call may in fact be an artifact of the limitations of the recording equipment and the human ear. For example, Ramsier et al [2012] recently noted that Philippine tarsiers are not only capable of hearing frequencies as high as 90 kHz, but they have been recorded emitting vocalizations as high as 80 kHz [Ramsier et al, 2012;Gursky-Doyen, 2013].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonic Vocalizations by the Spectral Tarsier, Tarsius spectrum

Gursky¹

2015

IJFP

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Although the vocalizations of spectral tarsiers have been studied for over 3 decades by numerous primatologists, the data in this paper represent the first evidence that this species communicates in the ultrasonic range. In addition, this paper characterizes the types of ultrasonic vocalizations by spectral tarsiers, Tarsius spectrum. Data were collected at Tangkoko Nature Reserve in Sulawesi, Indonesia, from January through April 2013. Recordings were made on a Wildlife Acoustics Ultrasonic Song Meter BAT2 from 10 groups of varying sizes and compositions. The ultrasonic recorder was placed at the base of the group's sleeping tree and recorded from 5.00 to 7.00 h using an omnidirectional microphone. The ultrasonic vocalizations fell into 5 main categories: chirps, twitters, choruses, doubles and whistles. Chirps were the most frequent ultrasonic vocalizations, followed by twitters, choruses, doubles and then whistles. While chirps, twitters and choruses extended from the audible to the ultrasonic range, the doubles and whistles were pure ultrasound. Currently, the function of these ultrasonic vocalizations is not yet clear and requires additional research.

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“…70 kHz). Such an ultrasonic communication is utilized by them to communicate privately in a covert manner and this channel remains undetectable by predators, prey and potential competitors [12]. In current communication networks data hiding by modifying the content or the characteristics of network traffic is one of the most recent examples of such type of information hiding [9].…”

Section: Information Hiding and Its Relationship To Naturementioning

confidence: 99%

Steganography for Cyber-physicalSystems

Wendzel

Mazurczyk

Haas

2017

JCSM

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Cyber-physical Systems (CPS) have raised serious security concerns and thus have been subjected to intensive security research lately. Recent publications have shown that there is a potential to transfer hidden information through CPS environments. In comparison to these existing studies, we demonstrate that CPS cannot only be used to covertly transfer secret data but also to store secret data. Using an analogy to the biological concept of animal scatter hoarding behavior we exemplify CPS secret data storage using automated buildings. 1

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Primate communication in the pure ultrasound

Cited by 59 publications

References 23 publications

Inferred L/M cone opsin polymorphism of ancestral tarsiers sheds dim light on the origin of anthropoid primates

Inferred L/M cone opsin polymorphism of ancestral tarsiers sheds dim light on the origin of anthropoid primates

Ultrasonic Vocalizations by the Spectral Tarsier, Tarsius spectrum

Steganography for Cyber-physicalSystems

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