Primary testicular lymphoma demonstrates overexpression of the Wilms tumor 1 gene and different mRNA and miRNA expression profiles compared to nodal diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma

Abstract

Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) shows a high degree of clinical and biological heterogeneity. Primary testicular lymphoma (PTL) is an extranodal variant of DLBCL associated with a higher risk of recurrence, including contralateral testicles and central nervous system sanctuary sites. Several molecular aberrations, including somatic mutation of MYD88, CD79B, and upregulation of NF‐kB, PDL‐1, and PDL‐2, are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis and poor prognosis of PTL. However, additional biomarkers are needed that may improve the prognosis and help understand the PTL biology and lead to new therapeutic targets. RNA from diagnostic tissue biopsies of the PTL‐ABC subtype and matched nodal DLBCL‐ABC subtype patients was evaluated by mRNA and miRNA expression. Screening of 730 essential oncogenic genes was performed, and their epigenetic connections were examined using the nCounter PAN‐cancer pathway, and Human miRNA assays with the nCounter System (NanoString Technologies). PTL and nodal DLBCL patients were comparable in age, gender, and putative cell of origin (p > 0.05). Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) expression in PTL exceeded that in nodal DLBCL (>6‐fold; p = 0.01, FDR <0.01) and WT1 associated pathway genes THBS4, PTPN5, PLA2G2A, and IFNA17 were upregulated in PTL (>2.0‐fold, p < 0.01, FDR <0.01). Additionally, miRNAs targeting WT1 (hsa15a‐5p, hsa‐miR‐16‐5p, has‐miR‐361‐5p, has‐miR‐27b‐3p, has‐miR‐199a‐5p, has‐miR‐199b‐5p, has‐miR‐132‐3p, and hsa‐miR‐128‐3p) showed higher expression in PTL compared to nodal DLBCL (≥2.0‐fold; FDR 0.01). Lower expression of BMP7, LAMB3, GAS1, MMP7, and LAMC2 (>2.0‐fold, p < 0.01) was observed in PTL compared to nodal DLBCL. This research revealed higher WT1 expression in PTL relative to nodal DLBCL, suggesting that a specific miRNA subset may target WT1 expression and impact the PI3k/Akt pathway in PTL. Further investigation is needed to explore WT1's biological role in PTL and its potential as a therapeutic target.