“…TPB has also been used to understand teachers' attitudes, intentions, and behaviors (Crawley, 1990;Zint, 2002;Kersaint, Lewis, Potter, & Meisels, 2007;Stanec, 2009). However, there are a few studies which used TPB to investigate teachers' conceptions and behaviors regarding assessment (e.g., Yan, 2014;Yan & Cheng, 2015;Yim & Cho, 2016). Since very limited studies have specifically investigated teachers' formative assessment conceptions and practices in the TPB model (e.g., Yan & Cheng, 2015), more empirical research in that field is important.…”