Primary sources of selected POPs: regional and global scale emission inventories

Breivik, Knut; Alcock, Ruth E.; Li, Yifan; Bailey, Robert E.; Fiedler, Heidelore; Pacyna, Józef M.

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2003.08.031

Cited by 303 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…POPs are unique in that they can move thousands of miles from their point of release and are often observed at higher latitudes. This observation is explained by the concept of global fractionation (Braune et al, 2005;Breivik et al, 2004;Wania and Mackay, 1996). Most POPs are semi-volatile enough to evaporate at temperate or tropical latitudes, existing as gases or adsorbed to aerosols in the atmosphere.…”

Section: Altered Fate and Behavior Of Popsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the rapidity of climate change-induced shifts in habitats and trophic food webs could affect contaminant toxicity by altering exposure pathways and increasing susceptibility of some populations, especially those already under stress (AMAP, 2004;Breivik et al, 2004;Brook and Richardson, 2002;Gaston et al, 2003;Gilbertson et al, 2003;Macdonald et al, 2005;Olafsdottir et al,1998;Sagerup et al, 2000). A limitation of studies investigating the interactive toxicity of climate change and contaminant exposures is that observed biological effects may prove to have a non-linear relationship to the stressors.…”

Section: Effects Of Climate Change On Contaminant Toxicity To Wildlifementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar to humans, climate change-induced shifts in pathogen and disease vector ranges coupled with toxic contaminant exposures could render wildlife more susceptible to disease by inhibiting their ability to mount an effective immune response (Breivik et al, 2004;Burek et al, 2008;de Swart et al, 1996;Gilbertson et al, 2003;Kajiwara et al, 2002;Sagerup et al, 2000). Glaucous gulls (Larus argentatus) had a higher parasitic nematode infection level that was correlated with PCB and organochlorine pesticide concentrations (Sagerup et al, 2000).…”

Section: Altered Ecosystemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In laboratory and field studies, northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) exhibited immune suppression because of DDT or dieldrin exposure (Gilbertson et al, 2003). Harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) exhibited a significant correlation between concentrations of PCBs, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), toxaphene, DDT and its metabolites and thymic atrophy and splenic depletion (Breivik et al, 2004). Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) fed POPcontaminated fish collected from the Bering Sea for 2.5 years had higher body burdens of POPs than seals fed relatively uncontaminated fish, and displayed impaired immune responses including suppression of natural killer cell and specific T-cell activity, (de Swart et al, 1996).…”

Section: Altered Ecosystemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The toxicology of climate change: Environmental contaminants in a warming world

Noyes

McElwee

Miller

et al. 2009

Environment International

925

569

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Climate change induced by anthropogenic warming of the earth's atmosphere is a daunting problem. This review examines one of the consequences of climate change that has only recently attracted attention: namely, the effects of climate change on the environmental distribution and toxicity of chemical pollutants. A review was undertaken of the scientific literature (original research articles, reviews, government and intergovernmental reports) focusing on the interactions of toxicants with the environmental parameters, temperature, precipitation, and salinity, as altered by climate change. Three broad classes of chemical toxicants of global significance were the focus: air pollutants, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including some organochlorine pesticides, and other classes of pesticides. Generally, increases in temperature will enhance the toxicity of contaminants and increase concentrations of tropospheric ozone regionally, but will also likely increase rates of chemical degradation. While further research is needed, climate change coupled with air pollutant exposures may have potentially serious adverse consequences for human health in urban and polluted regions. Climate change producing alterations in: food webs, lipid dynamics, ice and snow melt, and organic carbon cycling could result in increased POP levels in water, soil, and biota. There is also compelling evidence that increasing temperatures could be deleterious to pollutant-exposed wildlife. For example, elevated water temperatures may alter the biotransformation of contaminants to more bioactive metabolites and impair homeostasis. The complex interactions between climate change and pollutants may be particularly problematic for species living at the edge of their physiological tolerance range where acclimation capacity may be limited. In addition to temperature increases, regional precipitation patterns are projected to be altered with climate change. Regions subject to decreases in precipitation may experience enhanced volatilization of POPs and pesticides to the atmosphere. Reduced precipitation will also increase air pollution in urbanized regions resulting in negative health effects, which may be exacerbated by temperature increases. Regions subject to increased precipitation will have lower levels of air pollution, but will likely experience enhanced surface deposition of airborne POPs and increased run-off of pesticides. Moreover, increases in the intensity and frequency of storm events linked to climate change could lead to more severe episodes of chemical contamination of water bodies and surrounding watersheds. Changes in salinity may affect aquatic organisms as an independent stressor as well as by altering the bioavailability and in some instances increasing the toxicity of chemicals. A paramount issue will be to identify species and populations especially vulnerable to climate-pollutant interactions, in the context of the many other physical, chemical, and biological stressors that will be altered with climate change. Moreover, it w...

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Section: Altered Fate and Behavior Of Popsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Climate Change On Contaminant Toxicity To Wildlifementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Altered Ecosystemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Altered Ecosystemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The toxicology of climate change: Environmental contaminants in a warming world

Noyes

McElwee

Miller

et al. 2009

Environment International

925

569

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Large uncertainties in the information reported arise from ambiguities on whether reported use refers to the active ingredient or also diluting agents, to technical HCH or lindane, and from the fact that use of y-HCH is sometimes estimated from total pesticide usage (Breivik et al, 1999). The contributions to total emissions of post-ban continuing use of lindane are also quite difficult to estímate, although these sources may significantly affect current environmental concentrations (Breivik et al, 2004). At present, the only comprehensive source of information at European scale is provided by the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) (CEIP, 2009), consisting of official data reported by countries on emissions to atmosphere, and expert estimates .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A GIS model-based assessment of the environmental distribution of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane in European soils and waters

Vizcaino¹,

Pistocchi²

2010

Environmental Pollution

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Keywords: y-HCH Lindane Modelling Environmental concentrations Surface watersThe MAPPE GIS based multimedia model is used to produce a quantitative description of the behaviourof Y-hexachlorocyclohexane (y-HCH) in Europe, with emphasis on continental surface waters. The model is found to reasonably reproduce y-HCH distributions and variations along the years in atmosphere and soil; for continental surface waters, concentrations were reasonably well predicted for year 1995, when lindane was still used in agriculture, while for 2005, assuming severe restrictions in use, yields to substantial underestimation. Much better results were yielded when same mode of reléase as in 1995 was considered, supporting the conjecture that for y-HCH, emission data rather that model structure and parameterization can be responsible for wrong estimation of concentrations. Future research should be directed to improve the quality of emission data. Joint interpretation of monitoring and modelling results, highlights that lindane emissions in Europe, despite the marked decreasing trend, persist beyond the provisions of existing legislation.

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Building Materials: An Important Source for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Urban Soils

Jartun

2011

Mapping the Chemical Environment of Urban Areas

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Primary sources of selected POPs: regional and global scale emission inventories

Cited by 303 publications

References 62 publications

The toxicology of climate change: Environmental contaminants in a warming world

The toxicology of climate change: Environmental contaminants in a warming world

A GIS model-based assessment of the environmental distribution of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane in European soils and waters

Building Materials: An Important Source for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Urban Soils

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