Primary sequences of two small subunit ribosomal RNA genes from Plasmodium falciparum

McCutchan, Thomas F.; Cruz, V F de la; Lal, Altaf A.; Gunderson, John H.; Elwood, Hille J.; Sogin, Mitchell L.

doi:10.1016/0166-6851(88)90181-8

Cited by 156 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…This picture was expanded by the observation that the G+C content of the genomic DNA of the parasites suggested that a human parasite, P. falciparum, was very similar to both rodent and avian parasites (6). This evidence suggested that there may be a closer relationship between P. falciparum and these species than had been previously acknowledged.…”

mentioning

confidence: 77%

Plasmodium falciparum appears to have arisen as a result of lateral transfer between avian and human hosts.

Waters

Higgins

McCutchan

1991

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

213

119

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It has been proposed that the acquisition of Plasmodiumfalciparum by man is a relatively recent event and that the sustained presence of this disease in man is unlikely to have been possible prior to the establishment of agriculture. To establish phylogenetic relationships among the Plasmodum species and to unravel the mystery of the orign of P. fakiparum, we have analyzed and compared phylogenetically the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences of the species of malaria that infect humans as well as a number of those sequences from species that infect animals. Although this comparison confirmed the three established major subgroups, broadly classed as avian, shimian, and rodent, we rind that the human pathogen P. falciparum is monophyletic with the avian subgroup, indicating that P. falciparum and avian parasites share a relatively recent avian progenitor. The other important human pathogen, P. vivax, is very similar to a representative of the simian group of Plasmodium. The relationship between P. fakiparum and the avian parasites, and the overall phylogeny of the genus, provides evidence of an exception to Farenholz's rule, which propounds synchronous speciation between host and parasite.Plasmodium falciparum is a major source of morbidity and death in the tropical and subtropical regions. The proposal that the infection of man by P. falciparum is recent in origin (1) stems from a number of factors relating to the virulence and epidemiology of P. falciparum infection.

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mentioning

confidence: 77%

Plasmodium falciparum appears to have arisen as a result of lateral transfer between avian and human hosts.

Waters

Higgins

McCutchan

1991

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

213

119

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“…This is due to the fact that at least two ssrRNA genes, all targets for the primers, are present in the plasmodial genome. 13,20,21 The species-specific primers of P. vivax and P. falciparum are specific for the sexually expressed C-type ssrRNA genes of P. vivax and P.falciparum only. 13,21 Thus, the failure to speciate samples that were Plasmodium-positive by PCR might be due to very low parasite levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13,20,21 The species-specific primers of P. vivax and P. falciparum are specific for the sexually expressed C-type ssrRNA genes of P. vivax and P.falciparum only. 13,21 Thus, the failure to speciate samples that were Plasmodium-positive by PCR might be due to very low parasite levels. Another possibility is that these samples contain P. ovale parasites that harbor sequence variations in their ssrRNA gene sequences 22 and thus are unable to be amplified with the rOVA 1 and rOVA 2 primer pair.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oligonucleotide primers for the nested PCR assay were obtained from Genosys Biotechnologies Inc. (The Woodlands, TX), and were all purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. These primers were designed based on the Plasmodium small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssrRNA) genes [13][14][15][16] and are shown in Figure 1. In previously reported epidemiologic studies, 7,17 the nest 1 genus-specific primers rPLU 5 and rPLU 6 were used in combination with the four pairs of human malaria speciesspecific nest 2 primers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A genus- and species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction malaria detection assay for epidemiologic studies.

Singh¹,

Bobogare²,

Cox-Singh³

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

528

566

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Abstract. A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay that uses Plasmodium genus-specific primers for the initial PCR (nest 1) amplification and either genus-or species-specific primers for the nest 2 amplifications was tested on laboratory and field samples. With in vitro cultured Plasmodium falciparum-infected blood samples, it was capable of detecting six parasites/l of blood using DNA prepared from 25-l blood spots on filter paper. The assay was evaluated on fingerprick blood samples collected on filter paper from 129 individuals living in a malaria-endemic area in Malaysia. Malaria prevalence by genus-specific nested PCR was 35.6% (46 of 129) compared with 28.7% (37 of 129) by microscopy. The nested PCR detected seven more malaria samples than microscopy in the first round of microscopic examination, malaria in three microscopically negative samples, six double infections identified as single infections by microscopy and one triple infection identified as a double infection by microscopy. The nested PCR assay described is a sensitive technique for collecting accurate malaria epidemiologic data. When coupled with simple blood spot sampling, it is particularly useful for screening communities in remote regions of the world.Microscopy is the method of choice for the diagnosis of malaria in endemic areas because it is an inexpensive and rapid method of detection. Correct identification of the four species of Plasmodium causing human malaria and the level of detection by microscopy depends on a number of factors, including the experience of the microscopist, proper staining of the slides, appropriate maintenance of microscopes, and the time spent examining each slide. At best, the sensitivity of detection by microscopy is approximately 10-30 parasites/l of blood. 1 However, this level of detection is normally not attained in malaria-endemic areas and particularly during epidemiologic studies when many samples need to be screened in a relatively short time. Thus, incorrect speciation is common and mixed infections and low levels of parasitemia may be missed.To overcome some of the limitations of microscopy for detection of malaria, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays have been developed for the detection and identification of malaria parasites. These methods have proved to be more specific and sensitive than conventional microscopy and some are reported to be able to detect as few as one parasite/l of blood.2-6 However, to attain such a high sensitivity, blood samples collected from individuals have to be processed immediately or stored at low temperatures and the steps involved in DNA template preparation were multistep, often requiring biohazardous chemicals. Since malaria remains a problem of underdeveloped and often remote areas of the world, it is important to couple PCRbased assays with simple sampling and DNA extraction methods to maximize the value of PCR assays. In a previous study, we coupled the nested PCR assay of Snounou and others 3 to blood collection on filter papers and a simple DNA e...

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“…It is well known that the plasmodial genes encoding 18S rRNA contain species-specific regions: P. vivax, 14 P. falciparum, 15 Plasmodium malariae, 16 Plasmodium ovale, 12 and Plasmodium ovalevariant (showing variations at the probe region, reported from Vietnam). 17 The oligonucleotide primer set (primer MPH-1; 5Ј-CAGATACCGTCGTAATCTTA-3Ј, and primer MPH-2; 5Ј-CCAAAGACTTTGATTT CTCAT-3Ј) cross-reactive for P. vivax, P. falciparum, and P. malariae was used as described previously.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A trial for a DNA diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax malaria recently reemerging in the Republic of Korea using microtiter plate hybridization assay.

Chai¹,

Park²,

Guk³

et al. 2000

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The polymerase chain reaction-based microtiter plate hybridization (PCR-MPH) assay was utilized for a DNA diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax malaria, which has recently reemerged in the Republic of Korea. The subjects were 18 parasite-proven patients and 5 healthy controls. Follow-up blood samples were collected from 4 patients after a standard course of treatment. Polymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis of all the patients' blood showed a prominent band at the 138 base pair area, but not in the controls or after treating the patients. Hybridization of the PCR products with known species-specific probes of the 18S rRNA of various malaria species revealed strong positive reactions against the Plasmodium vivax-specific probe (absorbance 1.30-1.90 at 405 nm) in all of the patients. The absorbance was positively correlated with the degree of blood parasitemia, but with a borderline significance. Sequencing of the probe region of the Korean P. vivax revealed no significant variations from the typical P. vivax. The results show that the PCR-MPH is a highly useful technique for the DNA diagnosis of Korean vivax malaria.

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Primary sequences of two small subunit ribosomal RNA genes from Plasmodium falciparum

Cited by 156 publications

References 9 publications

Plasmodium falciparum appears to have arisen as a result of lateral transfer between avian and human hosts.

Plasmodium falciparum appears to have arisen as a result of lateral transfer between avian and human hosts.

A genus- and species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction malaria detection assay for epidemiologic studies.

A trial for a DNA diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax malaria recently reemerging in the Republic of Korea using microtiter plate hybridization assay.

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