Primary prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in developing countries

Wild, Christopher P.; Hall, Andrew J.

doi:10.1016/s1383-5742(00)00027-2

Cited by 208 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Exposure to high levels of AFB 1 via the diet causes acute hepatotoxicity (aflatoxicosis) and death in humans, as demonstrated by recent outbreaks in Kenya, which were responsible for the deaths of more than 150 people (Azziz-Baumgartner et al 2005;Lewis et al 2005). Chronic exposure to low levels of AFB 1 is a risk factor in the aetiology of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in several regions of Africa and Southeast Asia, particularly in conjunction with hepatitis B virus infection (IARC 1993(IARC , 2002Wild & Hall 2000;Wogan et al 2012). Importantly, AFB 1 has also been shown to be an anti-nutritional agent that reduces concentrations of vitamins and proteins in animals and humans (Gong et al 2002;Williams et al 2004;Wild 2007;Tang et al 2009).…”

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confidence: 99%

Longitudinal evaluation of aflatoxin exposure in two cohorts in south-western Uganda

Kang

Nkurunziza

Muwanika

et al. 2015

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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akes every effort t o ensure t he accuracy of all t he inform at ion ( t he " Cont ent " ) cont ained in t he publicat ions on our plat form . However, Taylor & Francis, our agent s, and our licensors m ake no represent at ions or warrant ies what soever as t o t he accuracy, com plet eness, or suit abilit y for any purpose of t he Cont ent . Any opinions and views expressed in t his publicat ion are t he opinions and views of t he aut hors, and are not t he views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of t he Cont ent should not be relied upon and should be independent ly verified wit h prim ary sources of inform at ion. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, act ions, claim s, proceedings, dem ands, cost s, expenses, dam ages, and ot her liabilit ies what soever or howsoever caused arising direct ly or indirect ly in connect ion wit h, in relat ion t o or arising out of t he use of t he Cont ent . This art icle m ay be used for research, t eaching, and privat e st udy purposes. Any subst ant ial or syst em at ic reproduct ion, redist ribut ion, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, syst em at ic supply, or dist ribut ion in any form t o anyone is expressly forbidden. Term s & Condit ions of access and use can be found at ht t p: / / www.t andfonline.com / page/ t erm s-and-condit ions Aflatoxins (AF) are a group of mycotoxins. AF exposure causes acute and chronic adverse health effects such as aflatoxicosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in human populations, especially in the developing world. In this study, AF exposure was evaluated using archived serum samples from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative participants from two cohort studies in south-western Uganda. AFB 1 -lysine (AFB-Lys) adduct levels were determined via HPLC fluorescence in a total of 713 serum samples from the General Population Cohort (GPC), covering eight time periods between 1989 and 2010. Overall, 90% (642/713) of the samples were positive for AFB-Lys and the median level was 1.58 pg mg −1 albumin (range = 0.40-168 pg mg −1 albumin). AFB-Lys adduct levels were also measured in a total of 374 serum samples from the Rakai Community Cohort Study (RCCS), across four time periods between 1999 and 2003. The averaged detection rate was 92.5% (346/374) and the median level was 1.18 pg mg −1 albumin (range = 0.40-122.5 pg mg −1 albumin). In the GPC study there were no statistically significant differences between demographic parameters, such as age, sex and level of education, and levels of serum AFB-Lys adduct. In the RCCS study, longitudinal analysis using generalised estimating equations revealed significant differences between the adduct levels and residential areas (p = 0.05) and occupations (p = 0.02). This study indicates that AF exposure in people in two populations in south-western Uganda is persistent and has not significantly changed over time. Data from one study, but not the other, indicated that agriculture workers and rural area residents had more AF exposure than those non-agricultural workers and non...

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confidence: 99%

Longitudinal evaluation of aflatoxin exposure in two cohorts in south-western Uganda

Kang

Nkurunziza

Muwanika

et al. 2015

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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“…Aflatoxins are toxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic and immunosuppressive substances (Turner et al, 2000;Wild and Hall, 2000;Hall and Wild, 2003) produced when toxigenic strains of the fungi Aspergillus flavus Link. ex Fries and A. parasiticus Speare grow on peanuts and many other agricultural commodities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drought, pod yield, pre-harvest Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination on peanut in Niger

Craufurd

Prasad

Waliyar

et al. 2006

Field Crops Research

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Soil moisture and soil temperature affect pre-harvest infection with Aspergillus flavus and production of aflatoxin. The objectives of our field research in Niger, West Africa, were to: (i) examine the effects of sowing date and irrigation treatments on pod yield, infection with A. flavus and aflatoxin concentration; and (ii) to quantify relations between infection, aflatoxin concentration and soil moisture stress. Seed of an aflatoxin susceptible peanut cv. JL24 was sown at two to four different sowing dates under four irrigation treatments (rainfed and irrigation at 7, 14 and 21 days intervals) between 1991 and 1994, giving 40 different 'environments'. Average air and soil temperatures of 28-34 8C were favourable for aflatoxin contamination. CROPGRO-peanut model was used to simulate the occurrence of moisture stress. The model was able to simulate yields of peanut well over the 40 environments (r 2 = 0.67). In general, early sowing produced greater pod yields, as well as less infection and lower aflatoxin concentration. There were negative linear relations between infection (r 2 = 0.62) and the average simulated fraction of extractable soil water (FESW) between flowering and harvest, and between aflatoxin concentration (r 2 = 0.54) and FESW in the last 25 days of pod-filling. This field study confirms that infection and aflatoxin concentration in peanut can be related to the occurrence of soil moisture stress during pod-filling when soil temperatures are near optimal for A. flavus. These relations could form the basis of a decisionsupport system to predict the risk of aflatoxin contamination in peanuts in similar environments. #

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“…Fungi, especially those belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium have been reported to occur in food (Pitt et al, 1994;Gassen, 1999). Surveys conducted worldwide also revealed that Aspergillus species are known to frequently contaminate food and are able to produce mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, which are of serious problem (Wild and Hall, 2000;Achar et al, 2009). Aspergillus species are responsible for several disorders caused due to consumption of contaminated food and feed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies of food thickeners in Nigeria for contamination by aflatoxigenic forms of Aspergillus and their detection by PCR

Okwu¹,

Achar²,

Ikenebomeh³

et al. 2011

Afr. J. Biotechnol.

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This paper reports the contamination of ready-to-use food thickeners, collected from the South-East geo-political zone in Nigeria, by aflatoxigenic form of Aspergillus species. A total of 150 samples from different open markets were observed for fungal contamination by using serial dilution-spread plate method. Although, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium were the most frequently isolated fungi, Aspergillus species were found to be the most prevalent in all the samples. Furthermore, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus produced aflatoxin on yeast extract sucrose (YES) media incubated for 10 to 15 days at 27°C in a CO 2 incubator. Aspergillus niger showed no sign of any secondary metabolite on the media, set at similar conditions. Although, light microscopy was used to identify these fungi, based on colony morphology, PCR method was used to confirm genetic variation among the Aspergillus group, using ITS set of primers. Gel electrophoresis of PCR products confirmed the presence of Aspergillus species at an amplification range from 500 to 600 bp in all the samples tested. PCR was found to be a sensitive and a more reliable tool for detection and identification of Aspergillus species in food thickeners as opposed to conventional light microscopy. This is a first kind of mycological survey on the contamination of ready-to-use food thickeners sold in Nigeria.

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Primary prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in developing countries

Cited by 208 publications

References 56 publications

Longitudinal evaluation of aflatoxin exposure in two cohorts in south-western Uganda

Longitudinal evaluation of aflatoxin exposure in two cohorts in south-western Uganda

Drought, pod yield, pre-harvest Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination on peanut in Niger

Studies of food thickeners in Nigeria for contamination by aflatoxigenic forms of Aspergillus and their detection by PCR

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