Primary isolation media for Legionnaires disease bacterium

Feeley, James C.; Gorman, George W.; Weaver, Robert E.; Mackel, Donald C.; Smith, Heather A.

doi:10.1128/jcm.8.3.320-325.1978

Cited by 196 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The first published article to report Legionella growth inhibition under anaerobic conditions was by Feeley et al in 1978. The authors reported that stock cultures of Legionella growth on artificial media (agar) was decreased with each reduction in O 2 and failed to grow under anaerobic conditions [11].…”

Section: Discussion Of Published Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Building water systems that contain adequate levels of dissolved oxygen can support Legionella cellular respiration, metabolism, and growth, whereas Legionella and other aerobic pathogens are not typically found in anoxic groundwater deep below the water table that has no contact with the atmosphere [13]. Along with other obligate aerobic bacteria Legionella growth is inhibited when DO is too low to support metabolic respiration, making it a critical factor in Legionella's growth [11,12,[14][15][16]. Reducing DO levels in building water systems could be a potential control mechanism in addition to currently recognized methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Legionella and the Role of Dissolved Oxygen in Its Growth and Inhibition: A Review

Krause¹

2022

Water

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This review discusses the relationship between dissolved oxygen and Legionella growth. Growth of Legionella in building water systems is considered to pose a health risk and controlling it could benefit public health by reducing the number of healthcare and community acquired Legionnaires’ disease cases. Conditions known to encourage Legionella growth include low disinfectant concentrations, warm temperature, and water stagnation. Legionella is an obligate aerobe meaning its cellular respiration is inhibited under anaerobic conditions. Despite evidence from earlier published studies the importance of dissolved oxygen for the survival and growth of Legionella has received little attention from researchers and public health authorities. Modern measurement devices can reliably determine if dissolved oxygen concentrations in potable water and other building water systems are at levels capable of supporting Legionella growth or inhibiting its amplification. Removing dissolved oxygen from water can be achieved using gas transfer membrane contactors. Water with low dissolved oxygen levels interferes with Legionella’s cellular respiration by oxygen starvation, whereas disinfectants achieve the same effect by interfering with oxygen transport across the cell membrane. Ultimately, the same effect on Legionella growth may be achieved by reducing dissolved oxygen as treatment with oxidants, while avoiding the drawbacks of corrosion and disinfectant byproducts.

show abstract

Section: Discussion Of Published Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Legionella and the Role of Dissolved Oxygen in Its Growth and Inhibition: A Review

Krause¹

2022

Water

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Typical Legionella colonies were subcultured to BCYE with and without l -cysteine. Biochemical tests, including autofluorescence, catalase, oxidase, urease, gelatinase, and browning on Feeley Gorman agar ( 29 , 30 ), were performed. A step of acid washing with 0.2 mol/liter HCl-KCl, pH 2.2, for 3 min ( 12 , 31 ) or heat treatment at 50°C for 10 min ( 32 ) and an additional plating on BCYE medium with glycine, vancomycin, polymyxin B, and dyes were used for more difficult samples in which bacterial overgrowth was found.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvements to the Success of Outbreak Investigations of Legionnaires’ Disease: 40 Years of Testing and Investigation in New York State

Schoonmaker-Bopp

Nazarian

Dziewulski

et al. 2021

Appl Environ Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Since 1978, the New York State Department of Health’s public health laboratory, Wadsworth Center (WC), in collaboration with epidemiology and environmental partners, has been committed to providing comprehensive public health testing for Legionella in New York. Statewide, clinical case counts have been increasing over time, with the highest numbers identified in 2017 and 2018 (1022 and 1426, respectively). Over the course of more than 40 years, the WC Legionella testing program has continuously implemented improved testing methods. The methods utilized have transitioning from solely culture-based methods for organism recovery to development of a suite of reference testing services including identification and characterization by PCR and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In the last decade, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has further refined the ability to link outbreak strains between clinical specimens and environmental samples. Here we review Legionnaires' disease outbreak investigations during this time period including comprehensive testing of both clinical and environmental samples. Between 1978 and 2017, 60 outbreaks involving clinical and environmental isolates with matching PFGE patterns were detected in 49 facilities from the 157 investigations at 146 facilities. However, 97 investigations were not solved due to the lack of clinical or environmental isolates or PFGE matches. We found 69% of patient specimens from New York State (NYS) were outbreak-associated, a much higher rate than other published reports. The consistent application of new cutting-edge technologies and environmental regulations have resulted in successful investigations resulting in remediation efforts. Importance Legionella , the causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease (LD) can cause severe respiratory illness. In 2018, there were nearly 10,000 cases of LD reported in the United States (1), with actual incidence believed to be much higher. About 10% of patients with LD will die and as high as 90% of patients diagnosed will be hospitalized. As Legionella are spread predominantly through engineered building water systems, identifying sources of outbreaks by assessing environmental sources is key to preventing further cases LD.

show abstract

“…Die beiden Stoffe erwiesen sich als essentiell fur das Legionellenwachstum und werden seither in fast allen flussigen und festen Nahrmedien verwendet. Die Entwicklung ftihrte zum Feeley-Gorman-Agar, der die Bildung eines braunen Pigments und im langwelligen UV -Licht fluoreszierende Legionellenkolonien be-G. Ruckdesche1 und W. Ehret giinstigt [176]. Braunes Pigment wird vor aHem auf Medien produziert, die mit Phenylalanin oder Tyrosin angereichert sind [17].…”

Section: Kuiturunclassified