Primary infection of Japanese infants with adult T-cell leukaemia-associated retrovirus (ATLV): Evidence for viral transmission from mothers to children

Nakano, Shiro; Ando, Yumiko; Saito, Kensuke; Moriyama, I.; Ichijo, Motohiko; Toyama, Takenori; Sugamura, Kazuo; Imai, Joko; Hinuma, Yorio

doi:10.1016/s0163-4453(86)94086-7

Cited by 87 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In the case of antiHBs, only the age group of over 30 years in the prostitutes showed a significantly higher rate than that of healthy subjects (p <0.01, Chi-square test). These data suggested that the incidence of HBs Ag and anti-HBs in the prostitutes is not necessarily high, being rather contradictory to the data reported by Goh et al (2) who showed that both HBs Ag and anti-HBs in prostitutes were significantly higher than normal population in Singapore.…”

Section: And Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

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Prevalence of Hepatitis B Markers, Antibodies to Adultt Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Virus and Antibodies to Human Immune Deficiency Virus in Prostitutes in Fukuoka, Japan

Yoshida

Mizuguchi

Mizue

et al. 1987

JJMSB

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SUMMARY: Prevalence of hepatitis B (HB) markers, antibodies to human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) and antibodies to human immune deficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) in prostitutes working in Fukuoka city were studied. Sera were collected from 237 prostitutes during January-September, 1986. Among them, 9 (3.8%) were HB virus surface-antigen (HBs Ag) positive, of whom, 3 were HBe antigen positive and the remaining 6 were anti-HBe positive. The positive rate of anti-HBs was 34.2%. The incidence of anti-HTLV-1 in the prostitutes was 5.9%. These incidences are considered to be within the usual range in Kyushu district. No seropositive case for anti-HIV was found.

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Section: And Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

“…(ATLL) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are known to be transmitted by sexual contact in addition to the blood transfusion (2,3). Among these diseases, HB and ATLL are endemic in Kyushu district including Fukuoka (4,5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Hepatitis B Markers, Antibodies to Adultt Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Virus and Antibodies to Human Immune Deficiency Virus in Prostitutes in Fukuoka, Japan

Yoshida

Mizuguchi

Mizue

et al. 1987

JJMSB

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“…In humans, infants born to HTLV-1-carrying mothers are fed about 10 8 HTLV-1-infected cells before weaning (22) and a number of infantile carriers stay seronegative for HTLV-1 for a certain period of time (31). Since most of these HTLV-1-infected individuals exhibit seroconversion in a few years, T-cell immune unresponsiveness to HTLV-1 might also recover spontaneously later in life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of these, mother-to-child transmission, especially through breast milk, is a major natural route in Japan (8). A number of infantile HTLV-1 carriers stay seronegative for HTLV-1 for a certain period of time (31), suggesting that immunological tolerance to HTLV-1 infection may be established in this period. Most vertically infected children seem to recover from their lack of humoral immunity to HTLV-1 by the age of 3 years (27), although the cellular immune responses of these children have not been carefully studied.…”

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confidence: 99%

Expansion of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) Reservoir in Orally Infected Rats: Inverse Correlation with HTLV-1-Specific Cellular Immune Response

Hasegawa

Ohashi

Hanabuchi

et al. 2003

J Virol

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Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) occurs in a small population of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected individuals. Although the critical risk factor for ATL development is not clear, it has been noted that ATL is incidentally associated with mother-to-child infection, elevated proviral loads, and weakness in HTLV-1-specific T-cell immune responses. In the present study, using a rat system, we investigated the relationships among the following conditions: primary HTLV-1 infection, a persistent HTLV-1 load, and host HTLV-1-specific immunity. We found that the persistent HTLV-1 load in orally infected rats was significantly greater than that in intraperitoneally infected rats. Even after inoculation with only 50 infected cells, a persistent viral load built up to considerable levels in some orally infected rats but not in intraperitoneally infected rats. In contrast, HTLV-1-specific cellular immune responses were markedly impaired in orally infected rats. As a result, a persistent viral load was inversely correlated with levels of virus-specific T-cell responses in these rats. Otherwise very weak HTLV-1-specific cellular immune responses in orally infected rats were markedly augmented after subcutaneous reimmunization with infected syngeneic rat cells. These findings suggest that HTLV-1-specific immune unresponsiveness associated with oral HTLV-1 infection may be a potential risk factor for development of ATL, allowing expansion of the infected cell reservoir in vivo, but could be overcome with immunological strategies.Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is causally associated with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), an aggressive T-cell malignancy with a poor prognosis (9,38,41). Although the majority of HTLV-1-infected individuals remain asymptomatic during their lifetimes, a few percent of HTLV-1 carriers develop ATL after a long latency period (25, 45). HTLV-1-associated myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/ TSP), a chronic progressive neuromyelopathy, and other HTLV-1-related diseases are also associated with HTLV-1 infection (4,19,35). Genetic differences among HTLV-1 strains are not associated with the clinical outcomes of HTLV-1 infection (2,23,24).In cohort studies of HTLV-1 carriers, it appeared that risk factors for ATL may include vertical HTLV-1 infection, gender (male Ͼ female), an increase in the number of abnormal lymphocytes that is associated with an increase in the HTLV-1 proviral load, and a low anti-Tax antibody level in serum (10-12). Genetic analysis indicated that ATL and HAM/TSP patients in an area of endemicity show significant segregation of HLA haplotypes (42). These observations indicate that the pathogenesis of HTLV-1 is more likely to be influenced by host factors.Immunological studies have found a clear difference in HTLV-1-specific T-cell immune responses among HTLV-1-related diseases. HTLV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are highly activated in HAM/TSP patients and can also be induced in asymptomatic carriers but only rarely in ATL patients (13,15,1...

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“…Breast-feeding places a suckling infant at a significant risk of exposure to most viral infections since vertical transmission may occur via the breast milk. The transmission of viruses such as human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 during breast-feeding (1,13,35,50) may lead to significant illness in a suckling infant. For mothers who have no alternative to breastfeeding (e.g., mothers in developing countries), current strategies designed to reduce the rates of viral transmission from the mother to the infant throughout the lactation period have limited benefit.…”

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confidence: 99%

Acyclovir, Ganciclovir, and Zidovudine Transfer into Rat Milk

Alcorn

2002

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Treatment with antiviral agents that accumulate in breast milk may offer a novel approach to reduce the rates of vertical transmission of important viruses and the risk of clinical illness in suckling neonates. The present study evaluated the extent and mechanism of transfer of three antiviral nucleoside analogues into milk in a lactating rat model system. Acyclovir (0.26 mg/h), ganciclovir (0.13 mg/h), and zidovudine (0.5 mg/h) were each infused to steady-state concentrations in six rats 15 to 16 days postpartum. The observed ratios of the concentrations in milk to the concentrations in serum (observed milk-to-serum ratio), calculated from the ratio of the steady-state concentration in serum to the steady-state concentration in milk, determined the extent of drug transfer into milk. To identify the mechanism of transfer into milk, the observed milk-to-serum ratio was compared to a predicted milk-to-serum ratio estimated from an in vitro passive diffusion model of transfer of each drug into milk. High-pressure liquid chromatography methods determined milk and serum drug concentrations. Mean ؎ standard deviation observed milk-to-serum ratios for acyclovir, ganciclovir, and zidovudine were 5.1 ؎ 1.4, 1.6 ؎ 0.33, and 1.0 ؎ 0.29, respectively, compared with their corresponding predicted ratios of 1.1, 0.85, and 0.71. These results suggest that acyclovir accumulates in milk due to active transport mechanisms, while passive diffusion processes govern the transfer of both ganciclovir and zidovudine into milk. The presence of all three antiviral drugs in milk and the potential for active drug transfer into milk warrants further investigation of the accumulation of other antiviral drugs in milk and their therapeutic benefits in reducing the vertical transmission of viruses and clinical sequelae in the breast-feeding infant.

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Primary infection of Japanese infants with adult T-cell leukaemia-associated retrovirus (ATLV): Evidence for viral transmission from mothers to children

Cited by 87 publications

References 12 publications

Prevalence of Hepatitis B Markers, Antibodies to Adultt Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Virus and Antibodies to Human Immune Deficiency Virus in Prostitutes in Fukuoka, Japan

Prevalence of Hepatitis B Markers, Antibodies to Adultt Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Virus and Antibodies to Human Immune Deficiency Virus in Prostitutes in Fukuoka, Japan

Expansion of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) Reservoir in Orally Infected Rats: Inverse Correlation with HTLV-1-Specific Cellular Immune Response

Acyclovir, Ganciclovir, and Zidovudine Transfer into Rat Milk

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