Primary Immunization of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in the Pediatric Population: What Is the Verdict Now?

Abstract

The safety and efficacy of a 2-dose series for the human papillomavirus vaccines rather than a 3-dose series in older children has not been well defined. This article reviews the literature summarizing the use of all 3 HPV vaccines (2vHPV, 4vHPV, 9vHPV) as a 2-dose series for females and 4vHPV and 9vHPV for males younger than 15 years. Six prospective trials evaluating immunogenicity of a 2-dose series of 2vHPV and/or 4vHPV, as well as an ongoing prospective clinical trial for 9vHPV, are discussed. The 2-dose series with Gardasil 9 in both males and females ages 9 to 14 years appears to be the most widely accepted recommendation. The exact time schedule between the 2 vaccines varies among studies, but it seems that they should be separated by 6 to 12 months. Federal and world-wide organizations' (ie, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Food and Drug Administration, and World Health Organization) opinions and recommendations on the appropriate scheduling of the vaccines are also highlighted.

Detection of Five Types of HPV Genotypes Causing Anogenital Warts (Condyloma Acuminatum) Using PCR-Tm Analysis Technology

“…It is classified into high-risk HPV and low-risk (LR) types based on HPV-mediated carcinogenesis (Zengin et al, 2019 ). Infection with high-risk HPV is highly associated with the development of cervical cancer in women, and persistent infection leads to more than 99% of cervical cancers (Jones et al, 2017 ). Warts are benign epithelial growths caused by HPV.…”