Primary hepatic carcinoid; a diagnostic dilemma: a case report

Touloumis, Zisis; Delis, Spiros; Triantopoulou, Charikleia; Giannakou, Niki; Avgerinos, Costas; Dervenis, Christos

doi:10.1186/1757-1626-1-314

Cited by 28 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…However, the association of these tumors with non-NET markers such as AFP, CA-125 and CA-19-9 is not relevant. Finally, the PHNET can be diagnosed only after the extrahepatic primary sites are excluded (17). In recent research, CDX2 and TTF-1 were reported as markers of gastrointestinal and pulmonary NETs, respectively (18,19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experience in primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumor

Jia

Zhang²,

Xu³

et al. 2012

Turk J Gastroenterol

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experience in primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumor

Jia

Zhang²,

Xu³

et al. 2012

Turk J Gastroenterol

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“…These methods may be considered for small tumors with diameters ≤3 cm because of direct damaging effect on the tumors (Huang et al, 2010). When a not well defined lesion is observed, a palliative cytoreductive surgery in combination with transcatheter arterial embolization (TACE) and subsequent administration of lanreotide (long acting somatostatin analogue) might be effective, as Touloumis et al showed recently (Touloumis et al, 2008). In our series, four patients with recurrence received monotherapy (chemotherapy or resection even conservative treatment) and all died; two patients with recurrence received combined-therapy and survived till now.…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…There is still no report of effective systemic chemotherapy for PHNEC. transcatheter arterial chemoembo-lization (TACE), as the common treatment protocol for liver cancer, has an ideal effect for metastatic hepatic NEC according to a report, (Bloomston et al, 2007) For PHNEC, TACE has been reported to achieve good palliation in some unresectable patients (Touloumis et al, 2008), but there is no certain result with a large sample set. In some report, TACE is recommended for cases with unresectable and/or recurrence tumors, but the long-term survival is not usually good enough.…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis and Therapy of Primary Hepatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: Clinical Analysis of 10 Cases

Wang

An²,

Wu³

2014

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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Background: Primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma (PHNEC) is rarer than extrahepatic gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). It is difficult to make a correct diagnosis and poses a challenge for management. Materials and Methods: Ten PHNEC patients were admitted to our hospital from June 2006 to June 2011. Laboratory tests and imaging scans were performed for diagnosis and exclusion of extrahepatic NEC. All patients were AFP -and CA199-. Seven patients had solid tumors with cystic changes on ultrasonography, CT and/or MRI. For the initial treatment, four patients received combined-therapy and six monotherapy. Considering overall treatment, six patients received combined-therapy and four patients monotherapy. Staging criteria of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC, AJCC 7th edition) were used to differentiate the stage of all patients: 3 patients were stage Ⅰ, 2 stageⅡ, 4 patients stageⅢ and 1 stageⅣ. All patients were followed up and clinical data were gathered. Results: The median follow-up duration was 38.5 months. The 1-year, 2-year, 3-year and 6-year disease-free survival was 80.0%, 46.2% and 46.2% and 0% respectively. The overall survival rates were 100%, 67.1%, 67.1% and 33.6% respectively. Patients in early-stages (Ⅰ/Ⅱ) had similar disease-free and overall survival as those in advanced-stages (Ⅲ/Ⅳ). Patients with monotherapy had significant shorter disease-free and overall survival than the patients with combination-therapy. Conclusions: PHNEC has a unique specificity during its occurrence and development. The staging criteria of PHC might not be suitable for the PHENT. More convenient and effective features need to be found in imaging and laboratory detection. Surgical resection, TACE, chemotherapy and radiofrequency ablation should be performed in combination and actively for patients with PHNEC or recurrence to get the best effectiveness; they might extend the disease-free and overall survival.

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“…For patients with unresectable disease, a non-surgical approach may be preferred. This involves the use of ablation, hepatic artery embolization and somatostatin analogues (10,11). Octreotide, a somatostatin analog may not only alleviate hormonal symptoms but may also have an anti-proliferative effect (12).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%