Primary Frequency Support Through North American Continental HVDC Interconnections With VSC-MTDC Systems

Zhang, Qian; McCalley, James D.; Ajjarapu, Venkataramana; Renedo, Javier; Elizondo, Marcelo; Tbaileh, Ahmad; Mohan, Nihal

doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2020.3013638

Cited by 33 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…While keeping the similar local frequency droop control structure in Fig. 4, the solution proposed in [27] uses a common time-varying frequency reference signal calculated from the global frequency measurements of all connected asynchronous AC systems. This reflects the overall frequency dynamics of all asynchronous AC systems while mitigating the undesired interactions with the DC voltage droop control.…”

Section: Solution 2: Local Implementation With a Common Timevarying Frequency Referencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…b) Control gain design: As before, with Solution 2, there are N c degrees of freedom corresponding to the frequency droop gains of the N c converters. Although some discussions on the parameter selection can be found in [27], no clear criterion for determining the parameters exists. Since this solution inherits the structure of the local frequency droop control, we consider that the minimum requirements on the reserve is the same as the previous solution given in (9).…”

Section: Solution 2: Local Implementation With a Common Timevarying Frequency Referencementioning

confidence: 99%

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FCR Provisions by Multi-Terminal HVDC System

Shinoda¹,

Bakhos²,

Gonzalez‐Torres³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Frequency control is considered to be an important function of multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) systems. Sharing frequency containment reserves (FCRs) among interconnected AC systems using flexible HVDC technology is particularly attractive in the European context. However, coordination of the contribution between systems with different sizes, quality requirements and dynamic characteristics requires harmonized rules and well-defined control strategies. If the controllers are not properly designed, they can lead to disproportional supports, noncompliance with the existing regulation framework, or even degradation of the frequency quality. This paper analyzes several frequency control solutions for MTDC systems in terms of the adequacy of the expected contribution to the frequency containment process. The performance analyses are then confirmed using load-frequency models coupled with a three-terminal DC system. It is revealed that certain control solutions result in insufficient performance with respect to the desired FCR provision. The proposed distributed solution for each pair of converters can be the most compliant with the existing framework while keeping the highest degrees of freedom.

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Section: Solution 2: Local Implementation With a Common Timevarying Frequency Referencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Solution 2: Local Implementation With a Common Timevarying Frequency Referencementioning

confidence: 99%

FCR Provisions by Multi-Terminal HVDC System

Shinoda¹,

Bakhos²,

Gonzalez‐Torres³

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This control system modifies the active power references of each droop-controlled converter considering its adjacent AC systems to enable frequency support. A similar frequency control strategy for VSC-based MTDC systems is proposed in [26] to facilitate the exchange of primary frequency reserves among asynchronous AC systems. This strategy employs a frequency control method that utilizes a reference signal calculated from global measurements, which reflects the overall frequency dynamics of all connected asynchronous AC systems [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A similar frequency control strategy for VSC-based MTDC systems is proposed in [26] to facilitate the exchange of primary frequency reserves among asynchronous AC systems. This strategy employs a frequency control method that utilizes a reference signal calculated from global measurements, which reflects the overall frequency dynamics of all connected asynchronous AC systems [26]. Another coordinated control scheme that gives priority to a frequency versus active power droop fitted to onshore VSCs is proposed in [27] and used to control the operation of MTDC systems during multiple power imbalances on AC grids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grid Code-Dependent Frequency Control Optimization in Multi-Terminal DC Networks

et al. 2020

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The increasing deployment of wind power is reducing inertia in power systems. High-voltage direct current (HVDC) technology can help to improve the stability of AC areas in which a frequency response is required. Moreover, multi-terminal DC (MTDC) networks can be optimized to distribute active power to several AC areas by droop control setting schemes that adjust converter control parameters. To this end, in this paper, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to improve the primary frequency response in AC areas considering several grid limitations and constraints. The frequency control uses an optimization process that minimizes the frequency nadir and the settling time in the primary frequency response. Secondly, another layer is proposed for the redistribution of active power among several AC areas, if required, without reserving wind power capacity. This method takes advantage of the MTDC topology and considers the grid code limitations at the same time. Two scenarios are defined to provide grid code-compliant frequency control.

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“…To overcome the drawback of FC-PU, we propose a global frequency control scheme by setting the frequency reference of each converter f ref i to the weighted average of frequencies (WAF) measured at all converter AC terminals that participate in FC-WAF control [97]:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of multi-terminal VSC-HVDC systems for combined AC/DC systems to improve power system dynamic performance

Zhang¹

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Primary Frequency Support Through North American Continental HVDC Interconnections With VSC-MTDC Systems

Cited by 33 publications

References 31 publications

FCR Provisions by Multi-Terminal HVDC System

FCR Provisions by Multi-Terminal HVDC System

Grid Code-Dependent Frequency Control Optimization in Multi-Terminal DC Networks

Control of multi-terminal VSC-HVDC systems for combined AC/DC systems to improve power system dynamic performance

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