Primary energy use in buildings in a Swedish perspective

Gustafsson, Moa Swing; Gustafsson, Marcus; Zhang, Xingxing; Dotzauer, Erik

doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.08.026

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…PEF converts the usage of non-primary energy carriers such as electricity to the usage of primary energy carriers. PEF is the ratio of primary energy use with the final energy use [48], and can be shown as in [45]. In Sweden, for example, the annual gross electricity, which is a non-primary energy carrier, production Energies 2019, 12, 247 7 of 22 was calculated as the sum of annual electricity production from e.g., hydropower, nuclear power and imported electricity, minus exported electricity, and then divided by the net electricity used by all sectors in the country [6].…”

Section: Sec =mentioning

confidence: 99%

Specific Energy Consumption/Use (SEC) in Energy Management for Improving Energy Efficiency in Industry: Meaning, Usage and Differences

Lawrence¹,

Thollander²,

Andrei³

et al. 2019

Energies

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Although several research studies have adopted specific energy consumption (SEC) as an indicator of the progress of improved energy efficiency, publications are scarce on critical assessments when using SEC. Given the increasing importance of monitoring improved industrial energy efficiency and the rising popularity of SEC as an energy key performance indicator (e-KPI), an in-depth analysis and problematization on the pros and cons of using SEC would appear to be needed. The aim of this article is to analyse SEC critically in relation to industrial energy efficiency. By using SEC in the pulp and paper industry as an example, the results of this exploratory study show that although SEC is often used as an e-KPI in industry, the comparison is not always straightforward. Challenges emanate from a lack of information about how SEC is calculated. It is likely that SEC is an optimal e-KPI within the same study, when all deployed SECs are calculated in the same way, and with the same underlying assumptions. However, before comparing SEC with other studies, it is recommended that the assumptions on which calculations are based should be scrutinized in order to ensure the validity of the comparisons. The paper remains an important contribution in addition to the available handbooks.

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Section: Sec =mentioning

confidence: 99%

Specific Energy Consumption/Use (SEC) in Energy Management for Improving Energy Efficiency in Industry: Meaning, Usage and Differences

Lawrence¹,

Thollander²,

Andrei³

et al. 2019

Energies

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“…Building labels and certifications such as EPBD (EU) and LEED (US) do value the presence of building automation systems positively. However, macroscopic works targeting building stock energy efficiency such as [3,10,11,12,13,14] do not explicitly discuss energy efficiency potential in light of the possibilities offered by predictive techniques as surveyed in Section 3. This survey specifically targets buildings equipped with some level of building instrumentation and with sensors installed at strategic points to improve the efficiency of building operation -the lion's share of lifetime building energy use.…”

Section: Political Context and Survey Focusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That allows comparing consumption across climatic zones and years. As indicated in [13], there is a crucial difference of perspective between assessing energy efficiency from a primary energy (i.e. the total energy of the natural resource used) or a final energy viewpoint (i.e.…”

Section: Building Energy Application Key Performance Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart buildings as Cyber-Physical Systems: Data-driven predictive control strategies for energy efficiency

Schmidt

Åhlund

2018

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

107

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Due to its significant contribution to global energy usage and the associated greenhouse gas emissions, existing building stock's energy efficiency must improve. Predictive building control promises to contribute to that by increasing the efficiency of building operations. Predictive control complements other means to increase performance such as refurbishments as well as modernizations of systems. This survey reviews recent works and contextualizes these with the current state of the art of interrelated topics in data handling, building automation, distributed control, and semantics. The comprehensive overview leads to seven research questions guiding future research directions.

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“…The PEFs are defined as the ratio between primary energy use and final energy use. According to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, the energy performance should be calculated on the basis of a methodology, which may be differentiated at national and regional levels, but should take into account existing European standards [12,23]. The numerical values of PEFs will affect the evaluation of the energy performance of buildings substantially and it is important that the PEFs are chosen carefully [23].…”

Section: Primary Energy and Primary Energy Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The PE used to produce electricity is assumed to be lower in Europe and Sweden in the future [23][24][25]. The PEF of 1.6 in the Swedish proposal for NZEBs can be considered to be a politically-set factor to harmonize with existing building regulations/standards.…”

Section: Swedish Proposal For Nearly Zero Energy Buildingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rev-Changes in Primary Energy Use and CO2 Emissions—An Impact Assessment for a Building with Focus on the Swedish Proposal for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings

et al. 2017

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Abstract:In the European Union's Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, the energy efficiency goal for buildings is set in terms of primary energy use. In the proposal from the National Board of Housing, Building, and Planning, for nearly zero energy buildings in Sweden, the use of primary energy is expressed as a primary energy number calculated with given primary energy factors. In this article, a multi-dwelling building is simulated and the difference in the primary energy number is investigated when the building uses heat from district heating systems or from heat pumps, alone or combined with solar thermal or solar photovoltaic systems. It is also investigated how the global CO 2 emissions are influenced by the different energy system combinations and with different fuels used. It is concluded that the calculated primary energy number is lower for heat pump systems, but the global CO 2 emissions are lowest when district heating uses mostly biofuels and is combined with solar PV systems. The difference is up to 140 tonnes/year. If the aim with the Swedish building code is to decrease the global CO 2 emissions then the ratio between the primary energy factors for electricity and heat should be larger than three and considerably higher than today.

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Primary energy use in buildings in a Swedish perspective

Cited by 19 publications

References 14 publications

Specific Energy Consumption/Use (SEC) in Energy Management for Improving Energy Efficiency in Industry: Meaning, Usage and Differences

Specific Energy Consumption/Use (SEC) in Energy Management for Improving Energy Efficiency in Industry: Meaning, Usage and Differences

Smart buildings as Cyber-Physical Systems: Data-driven predictive control strategies for energy efficiency

Rev-Changes in Primary Energy Use and CO2 Emissions—An Impact Assessment for a Building with Focus on the Swedish Proposal for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings

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