Primary energy factor for district heating networks in European Union member states

Latõšov, Eduard; Volkova, Anna; Siirde, Andres; Kurnitski, Jarek; Thalfeldt, Martin

doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.056

Cited by 35 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The impact on primary energy use will be calculated in this thesis for the implementation of certain energy efficiency measures. The primary energy use is the energy needed to deliver one unit of energy to the enduser and should cover the energy needed for extraction, processing, storage, generation, transformation and distribution, for example [67]. In this way, an understanding of the energy demand throughout the entire life cycle from source to delivered final energy use is provided [68].…”

Section: Primary Energy Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…the chemical energy content of fossil fuels is included in the primary energy use, while the energy in wind and solar irradiation is not included [68]. The primary energy factor (PEF) is calculated as the amount of primary energy divided by the delivered energy [67]. However, the PEF can be calculated in different ways based on the numerous factors affecting the amount of primary energy needed to deliver one unit of final energy [69].…”

Section: Primary Energy Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved Energy Efficiency in the Aluminium Industry and its Supply Chains

Haraldsson

2020

Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations

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Energy is an essential resource in the daily lives of humans. However, the extraction and use of energy has an impact on the environment. The industrial sector accounts for a large share of the global final energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The largest source of industrial GHG emissions is energy use. The production and processing of aluminium is energy-and GHG-intensive, and uses significant amounts of fossil fuels and electricity. At the same time, the global demand for aluminium is predicted to rise significantly by the year 2050. Improved energy efficiency is one of the most important approaches for reducing industrial GHG emissions. Additionally, improved energy efficiency in industry is a competitive advantage for companies due to the cost reductions that energy efficiency improvements yield. The aim of this thesis was to study improved energy efficiency in the individual companies and the entire supply chains of the aluminium industry. This included studying energy efficiency measures, potentials for energy efficiency improvements and energy savings, and which factors inhibit or drive the work to improve energy efficiency. The aim and the research questions were answered by conducting a literature review, focus groups, questionnaires and calculations of effects on primary energy use, GHG emissions, and energy and CO2 costs. This thesis identified several energy efficiency measures that can be implemented by the individual companies in the aluminium industry and the aluminium casting foundries. The individual companies have large potentials for improving their energy efficiency. Energy efficiency measures within the electrolysis process have significant effects on primary energy use, GHG emissions, and energy and CO2 costs. This thesis showed that joint work between the companies in the supply chains of the aluminium industry is needed in order to achieve further energy efficiency improvements compared to the companies only working on their own. The joint work between the companies in the supply chain is needed to avoid sub-optimisation of the total energy use throughout the entire supply chain. Better communication and closer collaboration between all the companies in the supply chain are two of the most important aspects of the joint work to improve energy efficiency. An energy audit for the entire supply chain could be conducted as a first step in the joint work between the companies in the supply chains. Another important aspect is to increase the use of secondary aluminium or remelted material waste rather than primary aluminium. vii To my parents, brother and friends viii "Even the finest sword plunged into salt water will eventually rust"-Sun Tzu "He that breaks a thing to find out what it is, has left the path of wisdom"-J.R.R. Tolkien "All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us"-J.R.R. Tolkien "It's the nature of time that the old ways must give in"-Sabaton ix Appended papers This thesis is based on the work described in the following papers. The papers are not ...

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Section: Primary Energy Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Primary Energy Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Energy Efficiency in the Aluminium Industry and its Supply Chains

Haraldsson

2020

Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations

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“…DH is also affected by primary energy factors (PEF) due to Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings [11], which states that the number of nearly zero-energy buildings must increase and to achieve this, PEFs are introduced to determine the energy consumption of the building. [12] examined PEFs for DH in different EU member states. In [13], a methodology was proposed for evaluating PEF for energy-efficient DH.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Affecting the Improvement of District Heating. Case Studies of Estonia and Serbia

Rušeljuk

Volkova

Lukić

et al. 2020

Environmental and Climate Technologies

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Factors affecting both the Estonian and Serbian district heating improvement are analysed, including geographical and climate factors, as well as economic and legal factors. This analysis is added by evaluation of main technical and economic parameters related to the district heating networks from the case studies (Estonian Narva city and Serbian Kragujevac district heating). This analysis uncovered the weakest points of Kragujevac district heating and explain why district heating is not considered as sustainable and environmentally friendly heating option.

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“…The latest overview of the existing DH systems, found in the Heat Roadmap Europe 2050 (a study covering the Europ ean Union member states) has shown that about 60 million of European residents, 287 regions and 141 cities are connected to DH [3]. In some European countries, where the climate is traditionally colder, such as Northern European countries (Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania) [4], [5] or Nordic countries (Denmark, Sweden and Finland) more than half of the residents have their heat provided by DH [6]. The DH system must transform and advance in order to be able to compete with other heat supply solutions, in accordance with the new conditions associated with renewable energy sources and buildings with low heat demand, as well as offer excellent customer service.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Storage Combined with Biomass CHP under the National Support Policy. A Case Study of Estonia

Volkova

Latõšov

Siirde

2020

Environmental and Climate Technologies

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AbstractIn spite of the progressions in heat storage systems for combined heat and power’ (CHP) plants performance, these innovations have not been implemented in CHP-based district heating (DH) systems in some of the countries where DH systems are still being developed. An examination of environmental and economic advantages that can be gained as a result of heat storage installation into the DH system are necessary to effectively popularise heat storage as a DH system-improvement technology. A real large-scale biomass CHP-based DH system is investigated in this case study. Scenarios for two kinds of support policies (feed-in premium for electricity generated by biomass CHP and energy-efficient biomass CHP) were analysed by changing the extent of the heat storage. The goal of this study was to assess the impact of the biomass CHP policy support instruments on the viability of integrating heat storage. Calculations demonstrate that fitting of heat storage combined with biomass CHP is less viable when all power generated by biomass CHP is subsidised.

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Primary energy factor for district heating networks in European Union member states

Cited by 35 publications

References 2 publications

Improved Energy Efficiency in the Aluminium Industry and its Supply Chains

Improved Energy Efficiency in the Aluminium Industry and its Supply Chains

Factors Affecting the Improvement of District Heating. Case Studies of Estonia and Serbia

Heat Storage Combined with Biomass CHP under the National Support Policy. A Case Study of Estonia

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