The morphological effects on human endothelial cells of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and of agents that increase intracellular cAMP concentration were studied. The adenylate cyclase activator forskolin (10 IAM), the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor methylisobutylxanthine (100 ,uM), dibutyryl-cAMP (10 IAM), histamine (10 IAM), and PMA (0.1 ,LM) significantly altered the morphology of human aortic and umbilical vein endothelial cells in primary cultures. These effects reached a maximum 40-80 min after the effector addition and became negligible 30-60 min after its removal. PMA and forskolin were strongly synergistic in altering endothelial cell morphology. All the effects of cAMPelevating compounds and ofPMA were abolished completely by 1 ,uM colchicine. In explants taken from human adult or child aortas, forskolin and PMA produced alterations in endothelial morphology qualitatively identical to those observed in endothelial cell cultures. Endothelium in these preparations closely resembled that found in zones of expected altered hemodynamic stresses of human aorta. Our data suggest that the morphology of endothelium in vivo may be regulated by separate or synergistic action of hormone-dependent adenylate cyclase and of inositol phospholipid turnover systems and might be important for maintenance of endothelial monolayer integrity under normal physiological and pathological conditions.
MATERIALS AND METHODSMedium 199 (Earle salts), fetal calf serum, Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), L-glutamine, penicillin, streptomycin, and sodium pyruvate were from GIBCO. Dispase (neutral protease from Bacillus polymixa) was from Boehringer Mannheim. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), 4a-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, histamine, 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, N6,02-dibutyryl-cAMP (Bt2cAMP), colchicine, bovine serum albumin (BSA, essentially fatty acid free) were supplied by Sigma. Forskolin was from Calbiochem. Drugs were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide or ethanol (Merck) and stored as stock solutions in aliquots at -80°C. Prior to use the aliquots were diluted with medium 199 and 0.5% BSA or with growth medium [medium 199 supplemented with 25 mM Hepes, 2 mM L-glutamine, 1 mM pyruvate, penicillin at 100 units/ml, streptomycin at 100 ,ug/ml, 10% (vol/vol) fetal calf serum] and sterilized by filtration through 0.22-,um filters (Nalgene).Primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were obtained as described (15,16), with minor modificationdispase was used instead of collagenase. Seeding density was 5-8 X 104 cells per cm2. Only confluent (7-9 days after seeding) cultures were used for experiments. The main characteristics of these cultures have been reported (16). For morphometry, cultures were stained with silver nitrate (17) and photographed. Cell shape was analyzed using a MOP-3 digitizer (Reichert, Jung, Vienna) and described in terms of shape index (SI), where SI = 4r x area/(perimeter)2. All the experiments were performe...