Primary Cell Wall Modifying Proteins Regulate Wall Mechanics to Steer Plant Morphogenesis

Qiu, Dengying; Xu, Shou-Ling; Wang, Yi; Zhou, Ming; Hong, Lilan

doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.751372

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…It has been shown that homogalacturonan (HG), the most abundant pectin subtype in plant cell walls, is synthetized as methylesterified polymer ( 18 ). De-methylesterification of HG by PMEs can lead to its degradation by PLs and influence cell wall integrity ( 19 ), thus being a primary suspect in the elimination of the nucellus and therefore the focus of our investigation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A change in the cell wall status initiates the elimination of the nucellus in Arabidopsis

Xu,

Gomez-Paez,

Choinard

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The evolution of the seed habit coincides with a change in the cell fate of the nucellus, the sporophytic tissue responsible for female meiosis. Seeds arose when the nucellus retained the female spores instead of releasing them in the environment. As a consequence, the nucellus was partially eliminated to accommodate the growth of the female gametophyte inside the sporophyte. With the evolution of angiosperm seeds, the process of nucellus elimination was requisitioned to allow the growth of the endosperm, the second fertilization product devoted to store nutrients. Cell elimination differs from most known cell death programs as it leads to the apparent dismantling of the cell wall. Here, we show that nucellus elimination in Arabidopsis is initiated by the lysis of the pectic polysaccharides in the cell wall. This process exposes other cell wall components to possible further degradation and precedes a cell death program that leads to nuclear DNA fragmentation. Both pathways are regulated by TRANSPARENT TESTA 16, a MADS-domain transcription factor that evolved with seed plants. Finally, the causal effect of cell wall modification on nucellus development is demonstrated by inhibiting pectin degradation, thus suggesting that a change in the cell wall status might have driven seed evolution.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A change in the cell wall status initiates the elimination of the nucellus in Arabidopsis

Xu,

Gomez-Paez,

Choinard

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…In addition, Pb may affect the autolytic activity of the cell wall. Plant cell walls contain various kinds of enzymes that are involved in cell wall remodeling [ 51 , 52 ]. Since Pb is able to bind to acidic sugar residues of matrix polysaccharides [ 23 , 46 ], it is likely that Pb accumulated within the cell walls may interfere with the action and activity of enzymes involved in the degradation of cell wall polysaccharides.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Modification of Cell Wall Properties Is Involved in the Growth Inhibition of Rice Coleoptiles Induced by Lead Stress

Wakabayashi¹,

Soga²,

Hoson

et al. 2023

Life

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Lead (Pb) is a widespread heavy metal pollutant that interferes with plant growth. In this study, we investigated the effects of Pb on the mechanical and chemical properties of cell walls and on the growth of coleoptiles of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings grown in the air (on moistened filter paper) and underwater (submerged condition). Coleoptile growth of air-grown seedlings was reduced by 40% by the 3 mM Pb treatment, while that of water-grown ones was reduced by 50% by the 0.5 mM Pb. Although the effective concentration of Pb for growth inhibition of air-grown coleoptiles was much higher than that of water-grown ones, Pb treatment significantly decreased the mechanical extensibility of the cell wall in air- and water-grown coleoptiles, when it inhibited their growth. Among the chemical components of coleoptile cell walls, the amounts of cell wall polysaccharides per unit fresh weight and unit length of coleoptile, which represent the thickness of the cell wall, were significantly increased in response to the Pb treatment (3 mM and 0.5 mM Pb for air- and water-grown seedlings, respectively), while the levels of cell wall-bound diferulic acids (DFAs) and ferulic acids (FAs) slightly decreased. These results indicate that Pb treatment increased the thickness of the cell wall but not the phenolic acid-mediated cross-linking structures within the cell wall in air- and water-grown coleoptiles. The Pb-induced cell wall thickening probably causes the mechanical stiffening of the cell wall and thus decreases cell wall extensibility. Such modifications of cell wall properties may be associated with the inhibition of coleoptile growth. The results of this study provide a new finding that Pb-induced cell wall remodeling contributes to the regulation of plant growth under Pb stress conditions via the modification of the mechanical property of the cell wall.

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“…Consequently, ACC decreased the total extensibility, although it was corrected for cross-sectional area ( Figure 2 B). The cell wall extensibility is a growth-limiting factor affecting the elongation growth of plants [ 3 ]. Collectively, these findings suggest that ACC suppresses the elongation growth of azuki bean epicotyls by decreasing the cell wall extensibility.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The capacity of the cell wall to extend (extensibility of cell walls) determines the rate of elongation growth of individual cells; therefore, it regulates the elongation growth of the whole plant [ 3 ]. Ridge (1973) [ 4 ] reported that ethylene decreased the extensibility of cell walls, which was determined by a plasmolytic method during the inhibition of elongation growth of pea epicotyls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of Xyloglucan Metabolism during a Decrease in Cell Wall Extensibility in 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid-Treated Azuki Bean Epicotyls

Yamaguchi

Soga

Wakabayashi

et al. 2023

Plants

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The exogenous application of ethylene or 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the biosynthetic precursor for ethylene, to plants decreases the capacity of the cell wall to extend, thereby inhibiting stem elongation. In this study, the mechanism by which the extensibility of cell walls decreases in ACC-treated azuki bean epicotyls was studied. ACC decreased the total extensibility of cell walls, and such a decrease was due to the decrease in irreversible extensibility. ACC increased the molecular mass of xyloglucans but decreased the activity of xyloglucan-degrading enzymes. The expression of VaXTHS4, which only exhibits hydrolase activity toward xyloglucans, was downregulated by ACC treatment, whereas that of VaXTH1 or VaXTH2, which exhibits only transglucosylase activity toward xyloglucans, was not affected by ACC treatment. The suppression of xyloglucan-degrading activity by downregulating VaXTHS4 expression may be responsible for the increase in the molecular mass of xyloglucan. Our results suggest that the modification of xyloglucan metabolism is necessary to decrease cell wall extensibility, thereby inhibiting the elongation growth of epicotyls in ACC-treated azuki bean seedlings.

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Primary Cell Wall Modifying Proteins Regulate Wall Mechanics to Steer Plant Morphogenesis

Cited by 14 publications

References 91 publications

A change in the cell wall status initiates the elimination of the nucellus in Arabidopsis

A change in the cell wall status initiates the elimination of the nucellus in Arabidopsis

The Modification of Cell Wall Properties Is Involved in the Growth Inhibition of Rice Coleoptiles Induced by Lead Stress

Modification of Xyloglucan Metabolism during a Decrease in Cell Wall Extensibility in 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid-Treated Azuki Bean Epicotyls

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