Primary Care Screening for and Treatment of Depression in Pregnant and Postpartum Women

Abstract

IMPORTANCE Depression is a source of substantial burden for individuals and their families, including women during the pregnant and postpartum period. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the benefits and harms of depression screening and treatment, and accuracy of selected screening instruments, for pregnant and postpartum women. Evidence for depression screening in adults in general is available in the full report. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Collaboration Registry of Controlled Trials through January 20, 2015; references; and government websites. STUDY SELECTION English-languagetrialsofbenefitsandharmsofdepressionscreening,depression treatment in pregnant and postpartum women with screen-detected depression, and diagnostic accuracy studies of depression screening instruments in pregnant and postpartum women. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two investigators independently reviewed abstracts and full-text articles and extracted data from fair-and good-quality studies. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the benefit of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in pregnant and postpartum women. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Depression remission, prevalence, symptoms, and related measures of depression recovery or response; sensitivity and specificity of selected screening measures to detect depression; and serious adverse effects of antidepressant treatment. RESULTS Among pregnant and postpartum women 18 years and older, 6 trials (n = 11 869) showed 18% to 59% relative reductions with screening programs, or 2.1% to 9.1% absolute reductions, in the risk of depression at follow-up (3-5 months) after participation in programs involving depression screening, with or without additional treatment components, compared with usual care. Based on 23 studies (n = 5398), a cutoff of 13 on the English-language Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale demonstrated sensitivity ranging from 0.67 (95% CI, 0.18-0.96) to 1.00 (95% CI, 0.67-1.00) and specificity consistently 0.87 or higher. Data were sparse for Patient Health Questionnaire instruments. Pooled results for the benefit of CBT for pregnant and postpartum women with screen-detected depression showed an increase in the likelihood of remission (pooled relative risk, 1.34 [95% CI, 1.19-1.50]; No. of studies [K] = 10, I 2 = 7.9%) compared with usual care, with absolute increases ranging from 6.2% to 34.6%. Observational evidence showed that second-generation antidepressant use during pregnancy may be associated with small increases in the risks of potentially serious harms. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Direct and indirect evidence suggested that screening pregnant and postpartum women for depression may reduce depressive symptoms in women with depression and reduce the prevalence of depression in a given population. Evidence for pregnant women was sparser but was consistent with the evidence for postpartum women regarding the benefits of screening, the benefits of treatment, and screening instrument accuracy.

Improved Perinatal Depression Screening, Treatment, and Outcomes With a Universal Obstetric Program

“…This study complements the recent systematic review of randomized control trials supporting the efficacy of universal screening 32 . The Kaiser Permanente Northern California experience demonstrates the capacity of clinicians to screen, identify and help women obtain treatment in collaboration with mental/behavioral health services leading to improved depressive symptoms.…”

Clinical phenotypes of perinatal depression and time of symptom onset: analysis of data from an international consortium

“…6 The public health importance of identifying women who have perinatal depression was highlighted by new recommendations of the US Preventive Services Task Force for screening for depression during pregnancy and post partum. 7 These recommendations are consistent with guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in the UK, 8 the Australian Perinatal Depression Initiative, 9 and WHO recommendations. 10 …”

Parenting Stress through the Lens of Different Clinical Groups: a Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis

“…Furthermore, our findings suggest that assessment of parenting stress may be an important component to routine screening in pediatric primary care. There is a current push toward implementing primary care screening for maternal postpartum depression because identification may encourage mothers to seek treatment to reduce levels of depressive symptoms (O’Connor et al 2016). If similar procedures are used in pediatric primary care clinics or other child-serving specialty clinics to screen for parenting stress throughout childhood, we may encourage parents to seek treatment to reduce symptoms for both their child and themselves.…”