Primary and Secondary Drowning Interventions: The American Red Cross Circle of Drowning Prevention and Chain of Drowning Survival

Ramos, William D.; Beale, Angela; Chambers, Peter; Dalke, Shelley; Fielding, R; Kublick, Louise; Langendorfer, Stephen J.; Lees, Terri A.; Quan, Linda; Wernicki, Peter G.

doi:10.1123/ijare.2014-0045

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…According to incomplete figures from the National Health Commission and the Ministry of Public Security, 57,000 people die of drowning in China every year, among which children and teenagers account for 56% of the total, with an average of 88 children dying from drowning every day [ 27 ]. Therefore, drowning is known as “the number one killer of unnatural death of primary and secondary school students in China” [ 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trend analysis and prediction of injury death in Xi’an city, China, 2005-2020

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2022

Arch Public Health

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Background Injury is an important cause of death in China. In the present study, we systematically analyzed the epidemiological characteristics and trends of injury death in Xi’an residents from 2005 to 2020. Methods Data on injury deaths from 2005 to 2020 were obtained from the “Xi’an Center for Disease Control and Prevention”, injury deaths were classified according to the International Classification Disease-10th Revision (ICD-10). The data were stratified by gender, age groups, injury types, and then overall and type-specific injury mortality rates were estimated. Joinpoint regression analysis was conducted to estimate annual percent change (APC). The grey interval predicting method was used to predict the future characteristics of injury deaths in Xi’an city. Results From 2005 to 2020, injury caused 32,596 deaths (5.79% of all deaths; 35.71/100000 population). Injury mortality rates were higher among males than females. Motor vehicle traffic accidents were the commonest injury type. The highest injury mortality rates were in those aged 85 years or older. Overall, Joinpoint regression analysis revealed that injury mortality had significantly (p < 0.05) decreasing trends. GM (1,1) model estimated that injury mortality will be on a declining curve. Conclusions Motor vehicle traffic accidents, transport accidents other than motor vehicles, unintentional falls, suicide, and accidental poisoning are the main causes of injury. The injury death rate is projected to decline over the next decade.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trend analysis and prediction of injury death in Xi’an city, China, 2005-2020

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2022

Arch Public Health

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“…However, the effectiveness of signage is limited: Multiple studies have demonstrated that beachgoers generally do not pay attention to signs (Arozarena et al 2018;Brannstrom et al 2015;Wilks 2017) and find it difficult to translate and understand image representations of beach hazards (e.g., drawing of a rip current; Brannstrom et al 2014;Ménard et al 2018). In contrast, the presence of lifeguards at beaches is frequently recommended in the literature and considered to be one of the most effective strategies to reduce drowning risk (Gilchrist and Branche 2016;Ramos et al 2015;Wilks 2017). In 2019, the Costa Rican National Assembly passed a bill requiring coastal counties to provide permanent professional lifeguards at the most popular beaches; however, implementation of the law was significantly delayed due to COVID-19.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coastal drowning in Costa Rica: incident analysis and comparisons between Costa Rican nationals and foreigners

et al. 2021

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International and domestic tourism is a growing industry in Costa Rica, with the most attractive places located along the coast. Despite their beauty, Costa Rican beaches can pose a high risk for foreign visitors: Drowning is the primary cause of unintentional death among international visitors. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of demographics, spatial and temporal trends of national and foreigner fatal drowning occurring at Costa Rican beaches during 2001–2019. For national beachgoers, teens and young male adults, ages 15–30 years are at greatest risk of drowning, while for foreigners, older adults ages 45–60 years exhibit higher risk. Temporal trends in drowning appear to be correlated with the number of beach visitors, which seem to be driven mainly by a combination of socioeconomical and climatic/weather factors. For instance, strong economic indicators for the Costa Rican population combined with good weather fostered during warm phases of El Niño Southern Oscillation attract more national beachgoers, which may increase the number of drowning deaths. These results will help authorities better understand the complex and dynamic drowning situation to develop better prevention strategies and policies that improve beach safety and raise awareness about coastal hazards and risk. Such actions will bolster the reputation of Costa Rica as a safe touristic destination.

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“…Drowning is a leading cause of death worldwide affecting all ages, races and ethnicities, genders, economies, and regions, but it disproportionately impacts vulnerable populations, specifically young children and racial and ethnic minorities [ 1 ]. Evidence-based interventions that could increase water safety among high-risk populations have been identified; they include learning to swim and wearing a properly fitted life jacket [ 2 ]. Swim communities have responded with drowning prevention programs geared towards culturally, linguistically, and ethnically diverse communities (CLED) (i.e., Black and African American, Indigenous, Hispanic/Latinx [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promoting Equity, Social Justice, and Saving Lives with Life Jacket and Clothing Policies

Beale‐Tawfeeq

Quan

Bennett

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Worldwide, diverse racial/ethnic groups have disproportionately higher drowning rates. Learning to swim and wearing life jackets decrease drowning risk. We evaluated aquatic facilities’ policies regarding use of life jackets, clothing, and diapers through a lens of social justice, equity, and inclusion to ensure they met the needs of the diverse high-risk groups they serve and changing aquatic activities and programs. Public recreational pools, beach and waterpark facilities in the US and international organizations were surveyed regarding their policies on life jacket use, clothing, and diapers between 2015 and 2016. A total of 562 facilities responded, mostly pools. Almost all facilities allowed wearing life jackets in the shallow end but less so in the deep end, and wearing of T-shirts, shorts, and clothes for modesty reasons. Policies varied most on wearing non-swim clothes. Almost universal requirement of diapers applied to infants only. Respondents’ reported themes included cost, access, safety, hygiene and equipment maintenance. Reviewed policies generally reflected facilities’ responsiveness to diverse populations’ specific needs. However, policy variations around wearing clothing and swim diapers could be costly, confusing, and impede participation in aquatic activities by vulnerable populations, specifically young children and racial and ethnic minorities. Standardization of these policies could assist aquatic facilities and their users. A best-practices-based policy is outlined.

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Primary and Secondary Drowning Interventions: The American Red Cross Circle of Drowning Prevention and Chain of Drowning Survival

Cited by 7 publications

References 13 publications

Trend analysis and prediction of injury death in Xi’an city, China, 2005-2020

Trend analysis and prediction of injury death in Xi’an city, China, 2005-2020

Coastal drowning in Costa Rica: incident analysis and comparisons between Costa Rican nationals and foreigners

Promoting Equity, Social Justice, and Saving Lives with Life Jacket and Clothing Policies

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