Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis in an Iranian Infant

Movahedi, Zahra; Shokrollahi, Mohammad Reza; Aghaali, Mohammad; Heydari, Hassan

doi:10.1155/2012/782854

Cited by 27 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…In a systematic review (2016) of acute bacterial meningitis in Iran, S. pneumoniae was reported as the most prevalent causative pathogen of bacterial meningitis [ 30 ]. Despite common bacterial and viral agents responsible for CNS infections, other endemic and rare pathogens, including rabies virus [ 31 ], M. tuberculosis [ 32 , 33 ], Brucella species [ 34 , 35 ], Bacillus anthracis [ 36 ], Borrelia recurrentis [ 37 ], Plasmodium species [ 38 ], Echinococcus species [ 39 ], Naegleria fowleri [ 40 ], Cryptococcus neoformans [ 41 ], Prions [ 42 ], and many others have been reported in studies on CNS infections from Iran but mostly described as case reports or small case series. In our study, the diagnosis of only around one-third of the patients with CNS infections was documented microbiologically.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Etiological Spectrum of Febrile Encephalopathy in Adult Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study from a Developing Country

Peidaee

Sheybani

Naderi

et al. 2018

Emergency Medicine International

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The profile of febrile encephalopathy varies based on different demographic and geographical characteristics of the study population. This retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the etiological spectrum of febrile encephalopathy in hospitalized adult patients. A total of 293 patients with the mean age of 49.7 ± 23 were evaluated of whom 77.1% presented with encephalopathy syndrome. The most common diagnosis in patients with clinical syndromes suggestive of central nervous system (CNS) infection was sepsis associated encephalopathy (SAE) (22.9%), followed by bacterial meningitis (14%) and neurotuberculosis (9.9%). The comparison between the elderly and young adults showed that, in the young adults, bacterial meningitis and neurotuberculosis, and in the elderly SAE, are among the most common causes of clinical syndromes suggestive of CNS infection including febrile encephalopathy in our region. Moreover, we illustrated an upward trend for the proportion of diagnosing CNS infections among those who underwent diagnostic LP, from 40.4% in 2011 to 70% in 2015, that could be indicative of an increasing threshold for performing LP at least in our center in recent years. Whether these changes have been associated with increasing the rate of diagnostic errors or not needs to be evaluated in future studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Etiological Spectrum of Febrile Encephalopathy in Adult Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study from a Developing Country

Peidaee

Sheybani

Naderi

et al. 2018

Emergency Medicine International

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“… 12 , 13 There are no reports of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) in the country yet; however, there has been a single report of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in Qhum city (central Iran) isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a 6-month-old-boy with a history of washing his nasal passages with contaminated tap water. 17 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and Molecular Characterization of Potentially Pathogenic Free-living Amoebae from Water Sources in Kish Island, Southern Iran

2015

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Amoebic keratitis, a sight-threatening corneal infection, mainly occurs in contact lens wearers who wash their eyes with tap water. The present research was conducted to identify the occurrence of potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae (FLA) in tap water sources on Kish Island, a tourist region in Iran. Amoebae were detected using a culture-enriched method and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/sequencing of the diagnostic fragment 3 region of the 18S rRNA gene of Acanthamoeba. In the case of other free-living amoebae species, PCR/sequencing analysis of the 18S rDNA was conducted. Results of this study showed the presence of Acanthamoeba belonging to T3, T4, T5, and T11 genotypes in tap water sources. Additionally, Vermamoebae vermiformis was detected in three water samples. This is the first report of the Acanthamoeba genotypes T3, T4, T5, and T11 and V. vermiformis species in tap water sources in a tourist region in Iran.

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“…Most victims of PAM are children or young adults in good health with a history of swimming in naturally warm or thermally polluted waters where growth of the amoebae is favored. Cases potentially linked to inhalation of drinking water or perhaps from contamination of premise plumbing have been suggested in reports of PAM among people with no recent history of swimming (Hunte et al, 2013;Kazi & Riaz, 2013;State of Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals, 2013;Movahedi et al, 2012;Yoder et al, 2012;Khanna et al, 2011, Shakoor et al, 2011. Some of these nonswimming cases appear related to specific practices such as neti pot use or ritual nasal cleansing; however, the most recent cases in Karachi, Pakistan, have no connection to ritual nasal cleansing or any recreational water exposure (Zafar, 2014).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Naegleria fowleri: An emerging drinking water pathogen

2014

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Naegleria fowleri (N. fowleri) is a free‐living, trophic amoeba that is nearly ubiquitous in the environment and can be present in high numbers in warm waters. It is the causative agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a rare but particularly lethal disease with a very low survival incidence. Although N. fowleri was isolated from drinking water supplies in Australia in the 1980s, it was not considered a drinking water threat in the United States until recent cases were associated with a groundwater system in Arizona and surface water systems in Louisiana. N. fowleri in drinking water treatment and distribution systems can be managed using disinfectant concentrations typically encountered in well‐run plants although nitrification and attendant low disinfectant residuals may pose a challenge for some systems. The greatest challenge for N. fowleri control is in premise plumbing systems where conditions are largely outside the control of utilities, residuals might be low or nonexistent, and where water temperatures could be high enough to support rapid growth of the amoebae. This article reviews published studies describing the environmental occurrence, survival, pathogenicity, and disinfection of N. fowleri. In addition, this article provides information about this little known and poorly understood parasite with respect to its occurrence in the environment; how the amoeba amplifies in water systems such that it can cause infection; how N. fowleri has been successfully controlled for decades in water systems through treatment and distribution system management in Australia; and the knowledge gaps and information needed to address N. fowleri as an emerging pathogen in US water supplies.

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Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis in an Iranian Infant

Cited by 27 publications

References 15 publications

The Etiological Spectrum of Febrile Encephalopathy in Adult Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study from a Developing Country

The Etiological Spectrum of Febrile Encephalopathy in Adult Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study from a Developing Country

Detection and Molecular Characterization of Potentially Pathogenic Free-living Amoebae from Water Sources in Kish Island, Southern Iran

Naegleria fowleri: An emerging drinking water pathogen

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