Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Caused by<i>Naegleria</i>

Duma, Richard J.; Rosenblum, William I.; Mcgehee, Read F.; Jones, Muriel M.; Nelson, E. Clifford

doi:10.7326/0003-4819-74-6-923

Cited by 76 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In the present investigation we have examined a number of properties of four species of Naegleria in an attempt to gain insight into the determinants responsible for disease production; these include cytopathogenicity in vitro of live amoebae and amoebic lysate and the presence of food cups on the surface of amoebae. The four species of The LEE strain of N. fowleri (ATCC 30894) was initially grown at 37°C axenically in Nelson medium in 75-cm2 plastic culture flasks (Falcon Plastics, Oxnard, Calif.) as previously described (9). N. australiensis PP397 (ATCC 30958) (6), N. lovaniensis (Aq/9/1/45D) (20), and N. gruberi EGB (19) were initially grown in Balamuth medium supplemented with 2% calf serum (GIBCO Laboratories, Grand Island, N.Y.) and 0.2% hemin (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.)…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytopathology of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Naegleria species for cultured rat neuroblastoma cells

Marciano‐Cabral¹,

Fulford²

1986

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The cytopathology for rat neuroblastoma cells (B-103) and the pathogenicity for B6C3F1 mice of four species of Naegleria have been compared. Both live amoebae and cell-free extracts of N. australiensis, N. fowleri, N. gruberi, and N. lovaniensis added to 5tCr-labeled B-103 cells caused release of radiolabel. All four species of Naegleria exhibited surface extensions termed food cups. Only N. fowleri and N. australiensis were pathogenic for mice. Electron microscopic observations of cultures of either N. australiensis or N. lovaniensis with B-103 cells established that the cytopathology involved lysis of the B-103 target cells.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytopathology of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Naegleria species for cultured rat neuroblastoma cells

Marciano‐Cabral¹,

Fulford²

1986

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…By 1971, 18 cases of PAME had been reported in Virginia, and all but one have been associated with swimming in fresh water lakes near the James River, where both the growth of organic matter and the potential for stagnation were considerable. 7 In several of these cases patients complained of the water being dirty. 78 In 1972 two more PAME fatalities were reported in South Australia.…”

Section: Pame Cases-a Surveymentioning

confidence: 98%

“…It is believed that early detection of PAME, coupled with early amphotericin B treatment, could increase the success of treatment to some extent. 7 Failure with one case of PAME promptly treated with amphotericin B indicates that there is a need for the development of more effective drug treatment. 27 In the remaining cases, the victims have either been mis-diagnosed by a physician, mis-diagnosed themselves, or have not sought the help of a physician, until it was too late for treatment to be successful.…”

Section: Prevention and Controlmentioning

confidence: 98%

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis:

Carter

1978

International Journal of Environmental Studies

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“…We describe here a case of Naegleria fowleri complicated with diabetes insipidus (DI). To the best of our knowledge, only three such cases have been reported in the literature worldwide but all of them being either children or adolescent [ 5 – 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fatal Case of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) Complicated with Diabetes Insipidus (DI): A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Mushtaq

Mahmood

Aziz

2020

Case Reports in Infectious Diseases

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Naegleria fowleri is a highly infective free-living amoeba usually isolated from soil and fresh water and is primarily found to infect the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). PAM as a cause of meningitis is often overlooked for other, more common causes of meningitis. Despite all the advances in antimicrobial therapy and supportive care systems, the mortality rate of this rare infection remains above 95% with the bulk of the cases being found in developed countries. We are presenting a case of a 44-year-old male with fever, worsening headache, and generalized weakness. Lumbar puncture showed a raised leucocyte count of 1100/µL with predominant polymorphonuclear cells, and wet mount prep for Naegleria fowleri was positive further confirmed with PCR. The patient was started Intravenous (IV) and intrathecal amphotericin-B, Per Oral (PO) miltefosine, IV rifampin, IV fluconazole, and IV dexamethasone. However, the patient started producing urine at 300–500 ml/hour. The patient’s sodium levels increased from 144 to 175 mmol/L in 12 hours with raised serum osmolality and decreased urine osmolality and urine sodium. The patient was started on PO desmopressin of 0.2 micrograms twice daily after which his urine output dropped to 60–80 ml/hour and sodium decreased from 175 to 162 and, later 155 mmol/L; however, the patient expired. PAM is a rare and extremely fatal illness, but with increasing incidence now being reported in developing countries as a result of better diagnostics. DI is a very rare complication reported in these patients leading to poor outcome. The complication of diabetes insipidus (DI) has not been extensively studied in patients having PAM. Only three cases have been reported with this complication. No mechanism has been mentioned in the literature behind the development of DI in these patients, and no study has mentioned laboratory details of DI as mentioned in this report.

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Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Caused byNaegleria

Cited by 76 publications

References 15 publications

Cytopathology of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Naegleria species for cultured rat neuroblastoma cells

Cytopathology of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Naegleria species for cultured rat neuroblastoma cells

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis:

A Fatal Case of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) Complicated with Diabetes Insipidus (DI): A Case Report and Review of the Literature

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