“…To overcome such an outstanding issue, this paper aims to employ the ensemble averaging, also known as the model averaging (MA) approach, to combine the coherent mortality models. MA is a sophisticated and well-developed approach in machine learning (Ley and Steel, 2009;Amini and Parmeter, 2012;Lessmann et al, 2012;Bork et al, 2020;Bravo et al, 2021), which has been widely applied in recent economics and finance research and practices (see, for example, Eicher et al, 2011;Mirestean and Tsangarides, 2016;Shiraya and Takahashi, 2019;Baechle et al, 2020;du Jardin, 2021, among others). With respect to mortality data, Shang (2012) and Kontis et al (2017) have employed various MA strategies, such as the Bayesian model averaging (BMA).…”