“…The Kalman filter decomposes discrete datasets, such as time series of prices, into both a de-noised fundamental price and a noise component. Utilizing the Kalman filter to decompose market prices is a widely-used approach for financial time series (Brogaard, Hendershott, and Riordan, 2014;Haven, Liu, and Shen, 2012;Hendershott and Menkveld, 2014;Hendershott, Menkveld, Li, and Seasholes, 2013;Lopes and Tsay, 2011;Schwartz and Smith, 2000;Wong, 2010). We describe the mechanisms of the Kalman filter in the following.…”