“…Therefore, many of the financial crimes in the stock market has been designated as a criminal offense rather civil offense. A vast literature is available on stock market returns, volatility, determinants (Chitenderu et al , 2014; Ghufran et al , 2016; Farias Nazário et al , 2017; Danışoğlu and Güner, 2018); abuses in the market (Withanawasam et al , 2013; Huang and Cheng, 2015; Neupane et al , 2017; Riyanto and Arifin, 2018); its detection (Cao et al , 2013; Golmohammadi et al , 2014; Golmohammadi and Zaiane, 2015; Martínez-Miranda et al , 2016; Zhai et al , 2017; Kasgari et al , 2019; Leangarun et al , 2019; Shi et al , 2019) and the stock market enforcement and regulations (Comerton-Forde and Putniņš, 2014; Plachouras and Leidner, 2015; Shi et al , 2018; Jordan and Rand, 2019; Kwabi et al , 2019).…”