Previous maternal abortion, longer gestation, and younger maternal age decrease the risk of type 1 diabetes among male offspring.

Abstract

The findings show that perinatal determinants may influence the risk of subsequent development of type 1 diabetes in a sex-specific manner.

No Association between Preeclampsia or Cesarean Section and Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes among Children: A Large, Population-Based Cohort Study

“…It is possible that some underreporting of maternal diabetes or preeclampsia could have occurred, but these are known to be rare events and the even with extreme underreporting, the proportion of misclassification among those coded as unexposed is likely to be negligibly small in our context. Some previous studies have found a statistically significant increase in risk of diabetes associated with maternal preeclampsia (5,(7)(8)(9), whereas other studies have not found any significant association (6,12), which is in accordance with our result. It is somewhat disturbing that the prevalence of preeclampsia among the controls in two of the previous studies was approximately 12-15% (7,8), much higher than common prevalences of about 2-5%.…”

“…Environmental exposures of potential importance in the etiology of type 1 diabetes may be growth rate in utero or early life, timing of bacterial colonization as influenced by mode of delivery (10), or metabolic and immunologic events influenced by maternal age, birth order (4), mode of delivery (11), maternal preeclampsia, fetomaternal blood group incompatibility, or other maternal pregnancy complications. Previous case-control studies have found indications that preeclampsia (5, 7-9) and cesarean section (5, 6) are associated with increased risk of type 1 diabetes, but other studies have shown apparently inconsistent results (6,9,12). Although the inconsistent findings may be due to a number of factors, the combination of relatively weak associations and small to moderate sample sizes may lead to variable results between studies because of sample variation.…”

Caesarean section is associated with an increased risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies

“…The more general MEDLINE search identified a further eight articles [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40], and review of reference lists revealed another two articles [41,42].…”

“…1. Overall, there was a significant increase (p<0.001) in the risk of type 1 [36,42] and one author could not be contacted [34]. Table 2 summarises the crude association between childhood-onset type 1 diabetes and potential confounders.…”

Birthweight and the risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies using individual patient data

“…For instance, per 500 g increase in birthweight, there was a 4% (OR Other studies In five of the studies identified by our searches [29,30,33,35,40] the required data could not be obtained from authors (or extracted from the published reports). In a Swedish study [30] (with 4,584 cases of type 1 diabetes) we were able to estimate results from a figure, but only using a different reference category (of 3.0 to 4.0 kg).…”