Prevention strategies against small ruminant lentiviruses: An update

Reina, Ramsés; Berriatua, E.; Luján, Lluís; Juste, Ramón A.; Sánchez, Antonio; Andrés, D. de; Amorena, B.

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.05.008

Cited by 136 publications

(183 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Since neither treatment nor efficient vaccines are available, infection is commonly controlled by early diagnosis and culling (23). Recently, the study of host cell restriction factors interfering with the retroviral life cycle, such as the tripartite motif-containing 5 (TRIM5) protein, has gained interest (10,37).…”

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confidence: 99%

Ovine TRIM5α Can Restrict Visna/Maedi Virus

Jáuregui

Crespo

Glaria

et al. 2012

J Virol

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The restrictive properties of tripartite motif-containing 5 alpha (TRIM5␣) from small ruminant species have not been explored. Here, we identify highly similar TRIM5␣ sequences in sheep and goats. Cells transduced with ovine TRIM5␣ effectively restricted the lentivirus visna/maedi virus DNA synthesis. Proteasome inhibition in cells transduced with ovine TRIM5␣ restored restricted viral DNA synthesis, suggesting a conserved mechanism of restriction. Identification of TRIM5␣ active molecular species may open new prophylactic strategies against lentiviral infections.S mall ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV), including visna/maedi virus (VMV) and caprine encephalitis virus (CAEV), are widespread in sheep and goats, causing a slow progressive disease. Since neither treatment nor efficient vaccines are available, infection is commonly controlled by early diagnosis and culling (23). Recently, the study of host cell restriction factors interfering with the retroviral life cycle, such as the tripartite motif-containing 5 (TRIM5) protein, has gained interest (10, 37). TRIM5 family members bear a RING-B-box-coiled-coil structure consisting of an N-terminal RING domain (with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity), a B-box domain, and a coiled-coil domain (19). The TRIM5␣ isoform, which is active against retroviruses, contains a C-terminal PRYSPRY domain that binds retroviral capsid CA (12,20,35). This interaction, involving amino acid 332 of TRIM5␣ in humans (15) and 334 in monkeys, may explain the high relative rates of nonsynonymous changes of the primate TRIM5␣ gene (13). TRIM5␣ has been described in primates and several mammals (3, 6, 30, 33, 41) but not in sheep or goats, both of which are infected by SRLV, their own lentivirus. This study aimed to identify and characterize the ovine and caprine TRIM5␣ proteins and explore the possible restrictive role of ovine TRIM5␣ on VMV infection.First, we cloned and sequenced ovine and caprine TRIM5␣ cDNA sequences. For this, total RNA from ovine skin fibroblasts (SF), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, or lung tissue obtained from domestic sheep of the Assaf (n ϭ 3), Churra (n ϭ 2), and Rasa Aragonesa (n ϭ 4) breeds was purified using TRIzol (Invitrogen) passed through RNeasy minikit columns (Qiagen), before being reverse transcribed with SuperScript II (Invitrogen) using an oligo(dT) primer according to the manufacturer's instructions. To clone the caprine counterpart, cDNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from goats of the Roccaverano (n ϭ 1) and Murciano-Granadina (n ϭ 2) breeds was used. These cDNAs were employed as the PCR template using Phusion high-fidelity DNA polymerase (Finnzymes) with the forward primer TrimEXNFw (5=-TGCA CCTCGAGATGGCTTCAGGAATCCTG-3=, XhoI site underlined) and the reverse primer PJ2 (5=-GATCCGGGCCCTCAAC AGCTTGGTGAGC-3=, ApaI site underlined) following standard thermal profiles. Amplified products were cloned into the TOPO Blunt vector (Invitrogen) as a shuttle/sequencing vector, yielding a total of 12 ovine and 5 caprine independent sequences. Four ov...

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confidence: 99%

Ovine TRIM5α Can Restrict Visna/Maedi Virus

Jáuregui

Crespo

Glaria

et al. 2012

J Virol

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“…However, they interfere with sensitivity and specificity according to the type of circulating viral sample in the study population (PETERHANS et al, 2004;CARDINAUX et al, 2013). Reina et al (2009) suggest that use of antigens prepared from whole virus particle could compensate for the heterogeneity of viral strains due to the variability in these epitopes. In order to diagnose samples related to the CAEV prototype, sensitivity of antigens produced from goat SRLV is higher than that of SRLV sheep, which is more effective for investigating samples related to the prototype MVV (KNOWLES JUNIOR et al, 1994;ABREU et al, 1998).…”

Section: Seroconversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other serological techniques such as WB and dot blot (DB) have more limited use due to cost, speed, convenience, or availability. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) recommends the use of AGID or ELISA for diagnosis of SRLV infection (VAREA et al, 2001;OIE, 2008;REINA et al, 2009). …”

Section: Diagnostic Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of serological diagnostic techniques in the control and eradication of caprine arthritis encephalitis: an update

Mussi

Gouveia

Cortéz

et al. 2015

Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci.

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Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) is a chronic disease caused by a small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV), which causes significant losses in goat breeding. The actual state of animal infection with SRLV is difficult to determine due to a complex pathogenesis of the virus, including factors such as delayed or intermittent seroconversion in serological tests. Several serological techniques are available for disease diagnosis, such as screening or confirmation tests, which are different in sensitivity and specificity. Regarding the choice of the test to be applied, availability of commercial immunoreagents, team training, antigen used, and cost of techniques must be considered. This review presents the serological methods available for use in different stages of CAE control and eradication programs, and management measures to be adopted in conjunction with serological diagnosis of the disease.Keywords: Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. CAEV. Small ruminant lentivirus. SRLV. Diagnosis. Control. ResumoA artrite encefalite caprina (CAE) é uma enfermidade crônica causada por um lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes (LVPR), que ocasiona perdas significativas na caprinocultura. O estado real da infecção animal pelo LVPR é de difícil determinação em virtude da complexa patogenia do vírus, incluindo fatores como soroconversão tardia ou intermitente em testes sorológicos. Para o diagnóstico da enfermidade, diversas técnicas sorológicas estão disponíveis, como testes de triagem ou confirmatórios, com variações na sensibilidade e especificidade. Para escolha do teste a ser usado, a disponibilidade de imunorreagentes comerciais, o treinamento da equipe, o antígeno utilizado, e o custo das técnicas devem ser considerados. Esta revisão apresenta os métodos sorológicos disponíveis para uso em diferentes fases dos programas de controle e erradicação da CAE e as medidas de manejo que devem ser adotadas em conjunto com o diagnóstico sorológico da enfermidade. Palavras

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“…Dentre as enfermidades infecciosas, destacam-se as lentiviroses de pequenos ruminantes (LVPR), denominação genérica que recebem as doenças produzidas pelos vírus da artrite-encefalite caprina (CAEV) e Maedi-Visna (MVV) e que acometem caprinos e ovinos em diversas partes do mundo (Reina et al, 2008).…”

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“…Os primeiros relatos consideravam que esses vírus eram espécie-específicos, porém estudos têm demonstrado sua capacidade de cruzar barreiras interespécies e de adaptar-se a novos hospedeiros (Morin et al, 2002). Os LV causam doenças degenerativas progressivas lentas e determinam importantes perdas econômicas, dentre elas a redução na produção de leite, diminuição da vida produtiva, retardo no crescimento, desvalorização nos plantéis com sorologia positiva, além de gastos financeiros em programas de controle e erradicação (Callado et al, 2001;Reina et al, 2008).…”

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