Prevention of runway incursions due to closed runways or unsuitable runway choices by enhanced crew situational awareness and alerting

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“…In case A, the group of internal investigators writes that with perception, memory, decision-making and procedural errors. In accordance with previous research, our fi ndings indicates that the concept of situational awareness is an important human factor variable in assessing and training of air traffi c controllers [18,27,30]. Such training could be both psychoeducation about the cognitive elements of situational awareness and in true-to life simulator exercises.…”

“…Air traffi c control is also expected to provide necessary information to pilots to conduct a safe fl ight and notify appropriate authority about aircraft in need of search and rescue services. To this end, they need to have a comprehensive "situation awareness" (SA) of current and upcom-ing events at the airport [30]. SA can be defi ned as "a person's perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, understanding the meaning of the elements, and predicting the status of the elements in the near future" [17].…”

Considerations on symbology, data requirements, and operational concept for integral NOTAM visualization on airport moving map displays

“…In this case, red is also used to indicate a hard operational limit, rather than the necessity of immediate corrective action, since the tape may be in view while the altitude is still perfectly normal. 13 In cases where the mere presentation of this closure information is not sufficient to prevent a hazardous situation, a tailored alerting concept consisting of both visual and aural alerts consistent with existing warning systems can be used to alert the flight crew in case they attempt to take off from a closed or otherwise unsuitable runway (Vernaleken et al, 2007a). 14 With a similar rationale, closed taxiways are marked with amber crosses as shown in Figure 4.…”

“…In combination with a generic attention-getting symbol, context-specific textual information still has significant advantages over the conventional PIB/NOTAM system. This results in the requirement that machine-readable NOTAMs must retain the currently used descriptive textual information 9 . This paper focuses on runway closures and restrictions, since they are most critical in terms of flight safety.…”

“…Furthermore, the operational relevance of presenting closed runways on an airport moving map has already been confirmed by pilots in a previous study. Of 15 participants, 11 gave the highest possible rating on the operational relevance of a corresponding presentation, and there was no dissenting feedback (Vernaleken et al, 2007a).…”