Prevention of Ph+ Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia by Nanoparticulate Delivery of a DNA Vaccine in Syngeneic Mice.

Abstract

In contrast to gene therapy of solid tumors, only a few preclinical studies exist about gene therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Previously, we showed that vaccination of mice with syngeneic BCR-ABLp185 expressing leukemia cell lines modified to express costimulatory molecules and cytokines induce a systemic immunity against wild type leukemia. However, the difficulties to culture and transfect human leukemia cells limit the clinical application of leukemia cell based vaccines. Thus, we evaluated the pre-immunization of mice with DNA based vaccines subsequently challenged by the cell line BM185. In order to avoid the limitations and serious side effects associated with viral vectors we used nonviral gene delivery methods. Minimalistic immunogenically defined gene expression (MIDGE) vectors encoding a BCR-ABLp185 fusion specific peptide or GM-CSF were used as DNA vaccine and double stem-loop immunomodulators (dSLIM), containing three CpG-motifs were used as immune adjuvant. We provide biometrical and CTL data that shows specific immunization and protection of mice which received the complete vaccine BCR-ABL/GM-CSF/dSLIM by GeneGun delivery of naked DNA. Mean tumor-free survival (p=0.019) and overall survival (p=0.008) were significantly longer compared to non-vaccinated mice. Furthermore we show that BCR-ABL specific sequences are required to prevent Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia by DNA vaccination. However, survival rate was moderate and only 26.7% of vaccinated mice survived and remained tumor-free. While current nonviral genetic tumor vaccine systems are less effective than viral vaccines, in particular when tumor associated antigens are weakly immunogenic, microencapsulation of tumor-specific DNA with poly (β-amino esters) might be a promising, safe and efficient nonviral delivery method for genetic vaccines. These biodegradable cationic polymers can bind and condense DNA into nanoparticles, deliver large DNA payloads and show low toxicity. Therefore, we prepared DNA-polymer complexes of MIDGE-vectors and end-modified poly (butane diol diacrylate co amino pentanol) C32-117 or C32-118 which self-assemble into particles with effective diameters of 200 nm and zeta potentials of 9.8 mV in PBS. We compared the immunization of mice receiving the vaccine BCR-ABL/GM-CSF/dSLIM by intradermal injection as naked DNA or alternatively, complexed with C32-117 or C32-118. We present data about tumor growth, survival rate, tumor free and overall survival of vaccinated and control mice.

Nanotechnology-based diagnostics and therapeutics in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a systematic review of preclinical studies

“…According to defined exclusion criteria, 2410 studies were excluded through abstract/title screening. One hundred and fifty two studies for treatment and detection were considered for the full-text evaluation, and 54 studies were also excluded because of not satisfying the inclusion criteria, using other cell lines instead of humane ALL ( n = 5), 34–38 not being totally relevant to our objective, or lacking detailed and obvious data ( n = 23 for treatment; 39–61 n = 14 for detection) 20,62–74 and not having full-text publications available ( n = 12). 64,75–85 Finally, 63 articles matched the inclusion criteria for the treatment section ( n = 63) and 35 articles for the detection section ( n = 35).…”