Prevention of Hepatitis B

Chang, Mei–Hwei; Chen, Ding‐Shinn

doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a021493

Cited by 50 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…The effectiveness of universal HBV immunization in preventing chronic hepatitis B infections is ϳ90 to 95% (395). Due to the success of HBV vaccines, the rate of global HBV vaccine coverage is ϳ75%, and this rate is much higher in developed countries (89% in the United States and 91% in the Western Pacific) (395).…”

Section: Viruses Targeted By Both Antiviral Drugs and Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approved Antiviral Drugs over the Past 50 Years

2016

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SUMMARYSince the first antiviral drug, idoxuridine, was approved in 1963, 90 antiviral drugs categorized into 13 functional groups have been formally approved for the treatment of the following 9 human infectious diseases: (i) HIV infections (protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, entry inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues), (ii) hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections (lamivudine, interferons, nucleoside analogues, and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues), (iii) hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections (ribavirin, interferons, NS3/4A protease inhibitors, NS5A inhibitors, and NS5B polymerase inhibitors), (iv) herpesvirus infections (5-substituted 2′-deoxyuridine analogues, entry inhibitors, nucleoside analogues, pyrophosphate analogues, and acyclic guanosine analogues), (v) influenza virus infections (ribavirin, matrix 2 protein inhibitors, RNA polymerase inhibitors, and neuraminidase inhibitors), (vi) human cytomegalovirus infections (acyclic guanosine analogues, acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues, pyrophosphate analogues, and oligonucleotides), (vii) varicella-zoster virus infections (acyclic guanosine analogues, nucleoside analogues, 5-substituted 2′-deoxyuridine analogues, and antibodies), (viii) respiratory syncytial virus infections (ribavirin and antibodies), and (ix) external anogenital warts caused by human papillomavirus infections (imiquimod, sinecatechins, and podofilox). Here, we present for the first time a comprehensive overview of antiviral drugs approved over the past 50 years, shedding light on the development of effective antiviral treatments against current and emerging infectious diseases worldwide.

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Section: Viruses Targeted By Both Antiviral Drugs and Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approved Antiviral Drugs over the Past 50 Years

2016

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“…The first vaccine against HBV was licensed in 1982 . Currently, there are two kinds of HBV vaccines, a plasma‐derived vaccine, the first‐generation vaccine, and the recombinant vaccine, the second‐generation vaccine . The World Health Organization has strongly recommended that all infants should receive their first dose of hepatitis B vaccine as soon as possible after birth and all countries should integrate the hepatitis B vaccine into their universal childhood vaccination programs .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymptomatic hepatitis B carriers who were vaccinated at birth

Wang

Chen

et al. 2019

Journal of Medical Virology

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The long-term persistence of immunity following universal infant immunization against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the need for a subsequent booster dose in adolescence remain under debate. With data derived from Long'an County, Guangxi, China, we reported previously that the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) among adults born from 1987 to 1993 increases with age, although these individuals had received a first dose of the vaccine within 24 hours of birth. Here, we sought the source of transmission by comparison of genotypes among their family members using phylogenetic analysis of complete HBV S gene sequences. For comparison, we screened 2199 vaccinated individuals aged 5 to 17 in Cang Wu County and 1592 vaccinated individuals aged 3 to 7 in Ling Shan County in Guangxi for HBsAg carriers and investigate their family members. In total, 50 asymptomatic HBsAg carriers who were vaccinated at birth and 152 family members were analyzed.The results showed that 25% (95% CI: 6.0-44.0) of the HBsAg-positive children had not acquired their HBV infection from their mothers. This phenomenon showed a trend that increases with age. Antibody escape mutations were detected in 22.9% (95% CI: 11.0-34.8) of the isolates. In conclusion, a booster dose may be necessary for adolescence who were vaccinated at birth in highly endemic countries. K E Y W O R D S

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“…Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) affects more than 350 million people globally (Lok and McMahon 2007). Nearly one-third of these people will eventually develop cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (Chang and Chen 2015). It is estimated that 780,000 people die from HBV infection every year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methylation of the Glutathione-S-Transferase P1 Gene Promoter Is Associated with Oxidative Stress in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B

Fan

et al. 2016

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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Glutathione-S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) and glutathione-S-transferase M3 (GSTM3) catalyze the glutathione-related clearance of xenobiotics. The methylation of these gene promoters was associated with oxidative stress that induced liver damage. This study aims to explore the relationship among GSTP1 and GSTM3 methylation, DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) expression, and oxidative stress in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We retrospectively enrolled 153 patients with CHB and 40 healthy controls (HCs). The GSTP1 and GSTM3 methylation status, DNMTs mRNA levels in peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and TNF-α and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in plasma were detected. GSTP1 methylation was significantly higher in patients with CHB than HCs (P = 0.047). Patients with HBeAg-positive CHB showed significantly higher GSTP1 methylation than those with HBeAg-negative CHB (P = 0.017) and HCs (P = 0.007). No significant difference was observed between GSTP1 methylation in HBeAg-negative CHB and HCs (P = 0.191). DNMT1 and DNMT3a mRNA levels were significantly higher in participants with GSTP1 methylation than those without. In patients with CHB, the degree of GSTP1 promoter methylation was significantly correlated with DNMT1 mRNA, DNMT3a mRNA, TNF-α, MDA, HBeAg, ALT, AST and TBIL. In contrast, no significant difference was found between GSTM3 methylation in patients with CHB and HCs (P = 0.079). Meanwhile, no significant difference could be observed between GSTM3 promoter methylation in patients with HBeAg-positive CHB and HBeAg-negative CHB (P = 0.146). Therefore, this study demonstrated that GSTP1 hypermethylation was associated with DNMT1, DNMT3a overexpression and oxidative stress in patients with HBeAg-positive CHB.

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Prevention of Hepatitis B

Cited by 50 publications

References 66 publications

Approved Antiviral Drugs over the Past 50 Years

Approved Antiviral Drugs over the Past 50 Years

Asymptomatic hepatitis B carriers who were vaccinated at birth

Methylation of the Glutathione-S-Transferase P1 Gene Promoter Is Associated with Oxidative Stress in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B

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