Prevention of Drowning

Weiss, Jeffrey A.; Gardner, H. Garry; Baum, Carl R.; Dowd, M. Denise; Durbin, Dennis R.; Ebel, Beth E.; Lichenstein, Richard; Limbos, Mary Ann; O’Neil, Joseph; Quinlan, Kyran; Scholer, Seth J.; Sege, Robert; Turner, Michael S.

doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1264

Cited by 44 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…The AAP provides recommendations on the prevention of drowning, which is a leading cause of death in children [31,32]. Examples of advertisements found inconsistent with these recommendations included those showing children jumping off high rocks into lakes or on boats without life jackets.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2009, advertisements for products which promoted swimming lessons for children under the age of four were considered non-adherence, as this was a contradiction of the AAP recommendation at that time. Their recommendations around swimming lessons changed in 2010, and as such, advertisement for infant swimming lessons were not considered offenses in 2014 [32]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compliance of Parenting Magazines Advertisements with American Academy of Pediatrics Recommendations

2016

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This study examined 3218 advertisements from the two parenting magazines with highest circulation in the United States. The authors compared each advertisement for a product for use by children, against all the published recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) on topics such as toy safety, helmet use, age-defined choking hazards, infant sleep safety, and others. Any advertisement with images or products which went against a published AAP recommendation was deemed as non-adherence and was categorized according to the statement it contradicted. Nearly one in six (15.7%) of the advertisements contained example(s) of non-adherence to AAP recommendations, with twelve categories of offense represented. Categories ranked by overall share from most to least include: non-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved medical treatments, age-defined choking hazards, vitamins, cold medicine, formula, oral care, screen time, toy/playground safety, infant sleep, nutrition, water safety, and fall risk. Given that repeated exposure to messages in advertisements has been associated with changes in health decision-making, and parents often turn to parenting magazines for advice and ideas regarding their children, the publishers might consider screening the content in order to prevent confusing and potentially dangerous messages from being disseminated in the media.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compliance of Parenting Magazines Advertisements with American Academy of Pediatrics Recommendations

2016

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“…The studies now in the literature do not provide that evidence, unfortunately, though their findings are uniformly positive. The Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention of the American Academy of Pediatrics (COIVPP) concludes that PFDs “seem to be effective.”18…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the same time, it is clear that teaching children to swim and encouraging close adult supervision are, by themselves, insufficient drowning prevention strategies 18,19. Only recently has COIVPP relaxed its longstanding advisory against aquatic exposure and swimming lessons for children ages 1–4, and it continues to state that “there is no clear evidence that drowning rates are higher in poor swimmers.” 18,19 While adequate supervision of children in the water requires constant vigilance from nearby, surveys of adults who provide supervision report that up to 46% fail to do so adequately 4,20…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compliance with an Ordinance Requiring the Use of Personal Flotation Devices by Children in Public Waterways

Wintemute¹,

Anton²,

Andrada³

et al. 2013

WestJEM

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Introduction:For children ages 1–14, 21.6% of drowning cases involve swimming, wading, or playing in natural bodies of water, such as rivers and lakes. Personal flotation devices (PFDs) are believed to be an effective prevention measure. We measure compliance with city and county ordinances, publicized but not actively enforced, requiring that PFDs be worn by children accessing public bodies of water in Sacramento County, California.Methods:During June–August 2010, volunteers conducted 79 observation sessions at three popular local river beaches where PFDs were available for use at no cost. They recorded personal characteristics and PFD use for 1,727 children in or very near the water and believed to be 0–13 years of age (the age covered by the ordinances). We used logistic regression to quantify differences in use by subject characteristics and study site.Results:The prevalence of PFD use was 29.9% overall, with large and significant differences by age: < 1, 55.6%; 1–4, 37.6%; 5–10, 29.4%; 10–13, 14.6%; P < 0.0001. Usage did not vary significantly by sex or race/ethnicity, and was somewhat higher at one study site (33.1%) than at the others (25.9% and 27.3%), P = 0.009.Conclusion:The combination of a statutory requirement and a cost-elimination strategy was associated with moderate rates of PFD use that were highest among young children.

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“…[6,7] A concerted effort must be made to educate children and teenagers on survival swimming (flotation), which should be integrated into life skills programmes at school. [8] Personal flotation devices should be encouraged, irrespective of swimming ability, especially in young children. Adult supervision -particularly in the home environment -is paramount to prevent drowning.…”

Section: Drowning Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on drowning

Matthew

Robertson²,

Hofmeyr

2017

S Afr Med J

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An 18-year-old matriculant goes to the beach with friends to celebrate his school results. The ensuing boisterous party includes consumption of alcohol. As dusk falls, he goes for a swim with his girlfriend. She is soon seen waving frantically to their friends back on the beach. He has disappeared below the water surface. Their friends swim out, and after 10 minutes they manage to find him, and bring him to shore. They immediately start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), while calling for help. BackgroundDespite being essential to life, water, which comprises >60% of our body mass and covers >75% of the surface our planet, continues to be an occupational and recreational threat to humans. Drowning among young adults in South Africa (SA) is unfortunately especially common. Poor swimming ability due to historical lack of access to facilities, concomitant alcohol use and easy access to rivers, lakes and the ocean are all contributing factors. This is compounded by relatively limited resources to respond to drowning incidents across wide, unpatrolled areas, resulting in a growing burden of disease affecting the younger population groups in SA. Recognition of a drowning event is also a problem, as not every drowning victim will indicate their need for assistance (Fig. 1). This review examines the evidence and recommendations on drowning from an African perspective, and brings the health fraternity one step closer to developing guidelines for our country. DefinitionDrowning is defined as the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from either submersion or immersion in liquid. [1] Drowning outcomes are classified as either drowning with mortality, drowning with morbidity, or drowning without morbidity.[1] Other older terms (such as wet, dry or near drowning) have been deemed unhelpful, and have been abandoned. EpidemiologyDrowning epidemiology varies dramatically worldwide, but is notably more severe in low-to middle-income countries. US data report ~4 000 drowning deaths, 8 000 hospitalisations and 31 000 emer gency department (ED) visits per year for children ˂19 years old.[2] Regret tably, there are no consistent published data for SA, but preliminary information from Lifesaving South Africa (LSA) reveals similar trends in age demographics, although true numbers are largely unknown. [3] Extrapolation from forensic pathology data in the Western Cape provides an estimation of 4/100 000 fatal drownings per year, which is similar to the World Health Organization's estimations for low-income countries in Africa. Despite only an estimated 1 in 4 cases being reported, Africa has the highest rate of drowning in the world. [4] This open-access article is distributed under Creative Commons licence CC-BY-NC 4.0. Drowning is defined as the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from either submersion or immersion in liquid. Drowning morbidity and mortality are an under-recognised public health burden in southern Africa. Continuous concerted efforts are underway to improve awareness among recreational water use...

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Prevention of Drowning

Cited by 44 publications

References 19 publications

Compliance of Parenting Magazines Advertisements with American Academy of Pediatrics Recommendations

Compliance of Parenting Magazines Advertisements with American Academy of Pediatrics Recommendations

Compliance with an Ordinance Requiring the Use of Personal Flotation Devices by Children in Public Waterways

Update on drowning

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