Prevention of Colon Cancer Recurrence From Minimal Residual Disease: Computer Optimized Dose Schedules of Intermittent Apoptotic Adjuvant Therapy

Abstract

PURPOSE Adjuvant chemotherapy is used after surgery for stages II and III colorectal cancer to reduce recurrence. Nevertheless, recurrence may occur years later with the emergence of initially undetected minimal residual disease (MRD). Attempts to reduce recurrence by increasing the dose intensity and increasing the time of adjuvant therapy have been limited by the adverse effects of the recommended cytotoxic agents. The goals of this study were to suggest an alternative to the recommended cytotoxic agents and to determine optimal adjuvant therapy dose schedules that would reduce the percentage of recurrence at 5 years while retaining colon crypt function. METHODS A total of 84,400 dose schedules with different duration, interval between doses, and intensity of treatment were simulated with a high-performance computer. Simulated treatments used the drug sulindac, which had previously been used in primary prevention. With appropriate dose schedules, it can induce apoptosis at the crypt lumen surface while retaining crypt function. We used a computer model of cell dynamics in colon crypts that had been calibrated with measurements of human biopsy specimens. Proliferating mutant cells were assumed to emerge from MRD within crypts. Simulated outcomes included the recurrence percentage at 5 years and the retention of crypt function. RESULTS Optimal dose schedules were determined for adjuvant treatment of MRD that reduced the percentage of recurrence at 5 years of stages I, II, and III colon cancer to zero. CONCLUSION A new adjuvant therapy for colon cancer based upon optimum dose schedules of intermittent apoptotic treatment may prevent the recurrence of colon cancer from MRD and avoid the adverse effects of cytotoxic treatments.

Chronotherapy of Early Colon Cancer: Advantage of Morning Dose Schedules

“… 14 In addition to suggesting dose schedules for therapy, it has also been used to suggest dose schedules for primary chemo-prevention, 14 and secondary prevention of recurrence from minimal disease. 34 …”

“…14 In addition to suggesting dose schedules for therapy, it has also been used to suggest dose schedules for primary chemo-prevention, 14 and secondary prevention of recurrence from minimal disease. 34 The second item that is necessary to assure the veracity of the simulation results is that the model was calibrated based upon real data. Numbers of stem cells, proliferating cells, and differentiated cells were measured in multiple crypts in microscopic sections of human biopsy specimens.…”

Adjuvant Therapy With PD1/PDL1 Inhibitors for Human Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…The aim of adjuvant therapy is to eliminate minimal residual disease (MRD) after resection (3,4). Moreover, it has been found in a variety of solid tumors to improve recurrence-free survival and improve overall survival (5)(6)(7)(8). However, in some studies, systemic adjuvant therapy did not provide a significant survival benefit for cancer patients.…”