Prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents

Zwiauer, Karl

doi:10.1007/pl00014367

Cited by 70 publications

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“…8 Our results suggest that, on a population basis, weight relative to height of Pima children begins to deviate early in life from levels typical for other children in the United States. In particular, values for the average Pima child cross-referenced centiles in 2 periods of childhood, between the first and sixth months of life and subsequently between age 2 and 11 years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…1 In many populations, including the Pima Indians, prevention of obesity in adults may therefore chiefly involve interventions conducted in childhood. 8 Extensive data from a longitudinal survey of health in the Pima population conducted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have recorded increases in obesity at ages over 5 years, 3 whereas birth weight appeared similar to that of the general population. 9 Our aim was to extend these observations with addition of heights and weights in children under the age of 5 years to describe the pattern of weight gain from birth to age 20 compared with recently published standards for the United States, 10 and to examine whether gain of adiposity occurred early in life in the Pima population.…”

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Early Excess Weight Gain of Children in the Pima Indian Population

et al. 2002

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ABSTRACT. Objective. To determine the period of childhood in which weight relative to height increases in Pima Indian children and young adults in comparison with the general US population.Methods. Heights and weights of children in the Pima Indian population were derived from either clinical examinations conducted by the Department of Public Health Nursing (from 1-48 months of age), or from examinations in the National Institutes of Health longitudinal survey of health in the Pima population (for birth and ages 5-20 years), and compared with standards for the US population recently published by the National Center for Health Statistics.Results. Weight relative to height (weight-for-length in children aged <24 months, body mass index at ages >2 years) was significantly higher in Pima children at all ages examined after the first month of life. Compared with reference values, the most dramatic increases in weight relative to height occurred in 2 stages of childhood: mean z scores of weight-for-length increased between 1 month (mean ؎ SEM: males: ؊0.2 ؎ 0.19; females: ؊0.02 ؎ 0.14) and 6 months (males: 0.8 ؎ 0.04; females: 0.7 ؎ 0.04) of age; mean z scores for body mass index increased gradually between 2 years (males: 0.4 ؎ 0.06; females: 0.4 ؎ 0.08) and 11 years (males: 1.4 ؎ 0.08; females: 1.4 ؎ 0.08) and remained stable thereafter.Conclusion. Excessive weight gain occurs early in the Pima population with changes relative to reference values most marked in the first 6 months of life and between 2 and 11 years. Interventions toward primary prevention of obesity may need to be targeted at children rather than adults in this population. Pediatrics 2002; 109(2). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/ 109/2/e33; Pima, Native American, body mass index, obesity.ABBREVIATIONS. BMI, body mass index; NIH, National Institutes of Health; SD, standard deviation; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; NCHS, National Center for Health Statistics; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.T he prevalence of obesity continues to rise in the United States, prompting interventions on the individual and population level to try to prevent and treat the condition. 1,2 The Pima Indians of Arizona have a particularly high prevalence of obesity in both adults and children and suffer from a variety of secondary health consequences-most notably high rates of type 2 diabetes. 3 Excess weight gain in childhood is important for a number of reasons. First, obesity is increasingly recognized in pediatric populations, with attendant concerns regarding immediate and future effects on health. 4 In the Pima population, both obesity and type 2 diabetes are recognized as important health problems in childhood. 5,6 Second, weight gain in childhood may be an important antecedent of obesity in adult life. Body mass index (BMI) tracks through childhood, so that childhood BMI predicts adult obesity. 7 The disappointing results of attempts to treat obesity in adults and children have led to suggestions that health care ...

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Early Excess Weight Gain of Children in the Pima Indian Population

et al. 2002

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“…12 The focus of attention should be on the group of overweight and obese children especially when one considers all the negative consequences that may occur in childhood and adulthood. 28,29 It is for this reason that the multiple healthpromoting measures, for example in schools, should be of a more interdisciplinary cooperative nature and more intensive in their conception, so that their long-term effects are more enduring. BMI, leisure habits and motor abilities in childhood C Graf et al…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation between BMI, leisure habits and motor abilities in childhood (CHILT-Project)

et al. 2003

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INTRODUCTION:The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing with its negative medical and psychosocial consequences. This paper examines the association between body mass index (BMI), motor abilities and leisure habits of 668 children within the CHILT (Children's Health InterventionaL Trial) project. METHOD: A total of 668 children (51.0% boys; 49.0% girls) and their parents were questioned on sport and leisure behaviour of the children. The anthropometric data were measured. Motor abilities were determined by a body gross motor development test for children (Köperkoordinationstest für Kinder; KTK) and a 6-min run. RESULTS: The children were 6.7070.42 y old, 122.7275.36 cm tall and weighed 24.4774.59 kg, the average BMI was 16.1772.27 kg/m 2 . KTK showed an average motor quotient (MQ) of 93.49715.01, the 6-min run an average of 835.247110.87 m. Both tests were inversely correlated with BMI (KTK and BMI r ¼ À0.164 (Po0.001); 6-min run and BMI r ¼ À0.201 (Po0.001)); the group of overweight/obese children showed poorer results than the normal/underweight ones, even after adjustment for gender and age (in each case Po0.001). Children with the greatest extent of exercise achieve the highest MQ (P ¼ 0.035). SUMMARY: Overweight/obesity is associated with a poorer body gross motor development and endurance performance. On the other hand, an active lifestyle is positively correlated with a better gross motor development in first-grade children. Therefore, to prevent the negative consequences of physical inactivity and overweight/obesity early intervention to support exercise and movement is recommended.

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“…Recent studies suggest that decreasing sedentary activity is very effective in promoting weight loss. 32 Strategies to increase physical activity are therefore key elements in the treatment of childhood obesity, along with changes in eating behaviour. 9 The current environmental experience of young children includes few opportunities for physical activity.…”

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Physical fitness, nutritional habits and daily locomotive action of 12-year-old children with different body mass index

Kamtsios¹

2008

S. Afr. j. sports med.

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Objective. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in physical fitness, daily nutritional habits and locomotive behaviour among pupils with varying body mass index (BMI) in the 5th and 6th grades of primary school.Design. The sample consisted of 480 pupils (229 boys and 251 girls), who participated in specific Eurofit tests and completed questionnaires probing their physical activity and nutritional habits. They were divided according to their BMI into normal, overweight or obese children.Main outcome measures. 18% and 8% of the pupils were categorised as overweight and obese, respectively. Results.From the data analysis (two-way ANOVA), with BMI and gender as independent variables, it was found that the obese and overweight pupils had lower performance in long jump, in 30-m speed and in 20-m shuttle run. They adopted sedentary daily habits, such as many hours of TV watching and unhealthly nutritional habits. Conclusions.The results of this study support the need for intervention at school through physical education and health education lessons, to inform pupils about the health risks associated with limited physical activity and unhealthy nutritional habits. Another goal should be to motivate and create behaviours that are conducive to better lifestyle habits.

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Prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents

Abstract: In most European countries there is an urgent need not only for a growing awareness of the problem of obesity in children and adolescents but also for development of new comprehensive approaches in treating this group.

Cited by 70 publications

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Early Excess Weight Gain of Children in the Pima Indian Population

Early Excess Weight Gain of Children in the Pima Indian Population

Correlation between BMI, leisure habits and motor abilities in childhood (CHILT-Project)

Physical fitness, nutritional habits and daily locomotive action of 12-year-old children with different body mass index

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