Prevention and Management of Myopia and Myopic Pathology

Saw, Seang Mei; Matsumura, Saiko; Hoang, Quan V.

doi:10.1167/iovs.18-25221

Cited by 109 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 121 publications

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“…A staphyloma is a localised protrusion of the sclera at the posterior pole resulting from excessive elongation of the eye resulting in scleral thinning. 56 The radius of this outpouching/protrusion is steeper than the surrounding scleral curvature. Although posterior staphyloma can be diagnosed with the help of OCT, B-scan ultrasonography, 3-D magnetic resonance imaging, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), and ultrawide-field imaging (UWFI), the best method of diagnosing a posterior staphyloma is yet to be established.…”

Section: Posterior Staphylomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Tessellated fundus [31][32][33] • Diffuse chorioretinal atrophy 34,35 • Patchy chorioretinal atrophy 34,36 • Macular atrophy 33,34 • Foveal retinoschisis or retinoschisis [37][38][39] • Lacquer cracks 33,34 • Choroidal neovascularisation 40,41 • Fuchs spot 34,42 • Myopic maculopathy 7,34,36,[43][44][45] • Myopic traction maculopathy [46][47][48][49] 72.7% (myopia < −6.00 D) 50 • Macular holes 51 • Macular defects in Bruch's membrane 52,53 • Dome-shaped macula 54,55 • Posterior staphyloma [56][57][58][59][60] 12.7% (myopia −10.8 AE 2.9 D) 61…”

Section: Condition Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Posterior segment conditions associated with myopia and high myopia

Jagadeesh

Philip

Fedtke

et al. 2020

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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Myopia, and especially high myopia, is associated with a number of posterior segment changes that are considered to be mostly a consequence of the increased axial elongation. This can result in mechanical strain, attendant vascular changes, stretching and thinning of tissues, and atrophy/deformation of tissues in later or more advanced stages. Such myopiarelated changes are observed as changes and/or abnormalities in the vitreous, choroid, retina and peripheral retina, sclera and/or optic disc. Although many of these changes are benign, at times they may be associated with significant vision impairment that either requires active intervention or may suggest future progression of the disease. This review systematically addresses the posterior segment conditions seen in myopic eyes, describes the features associated with the condition and details management pathways.

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Section: Posterior Staphylomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Condition Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

Posterior segment conditions associated with myopia and high myopia

Jagadeesh

Philip

Fedtke

et al. 2020

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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“…Worse SE and longer AL were strong predictors of both MMD development and progression, underlining the need for myopia control interventions in early life, 49 which may then reduce the risk of MMD development and progression in adulthood. 50…”

Section: Impact Of MMD On Vrqolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Six-Year Changes in Myopic Macular Degeneration in Adults of the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases Study

Wong

Sabanayagam

Wong

et al. 2020

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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To examine the 6-year incidence, progression, associated risk factors, and impact of myopic macular degeneration (MMD) in a myopic population in Singapore. METHODS. We examined myopic (spherical equivalent ≤-0.5 diopters) adults (N = 2157 persons and 3661 eyes) who were phakic at baseline and participated in both baseline and 6-year follow-up visits of the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases study. Eye examinations, including visual acuity, subjective refraction and axial length (AL) measurements, were performed. MMD was graded from fundus photographs following the META-PM classification. Vision-related quality of life was assessed with Raschtransformed scores from reading, mobility, and emotional domains of the Impact of Vision Impairment questionnaire. RESULTS. The 6-year eye-specific incidence of MMD among myopic eyes was 1.2% (95% CI, 0.9%-1.6%). Older age, worse spherical equivalent, and longer AL at baseline were associated with MMD incidence (all P < 0.001). The 6-year eye-specific progression of MMD in 288 eyes with baseline MMD was 17.0% (95% CI, 12.6%-21.4%). More severe MMD at baseline, worse spherical equivalent, and longer AL (all P < 0.05) were associated with MMD progression. Patients with Meta-PM categories 3 and 4 had worse best-corrected visual acuity and poorer vision-related quality of life outcomes than those without MMD (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS. Over a 6-year period, one in 80 myopic eyes developed MMD and one in six with existing MMD had MMD progression. Myopia severity and AL were strong predictors of MMD development and progression. Eyes with severe MMD were at higher risk of MMD progression than those with less severe MMD, and were associated with poorer visual acuity and vision-related quality of life.

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“… 8 , 9 There are concerns that rates of sequelae of myopia, such as detached retina and glaucoma, will also increase. 10 The increase in myopia involves not only developing countries 11 – 13 but also developed countries such as Australia, 14 Singapore, 15 and Hong Kong. 16 There are various factors leading to such epidemics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Dietary Vitamin A Associated with Myopia from Adolescence to Young Adulthood?

Mackey

O’Sullivan

et al. 2020

Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech.

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Potential links may exist between vitamin A intake and myopia via various pathways. In this study, we examined the association between dietary vitamin A intake during adolescence and myopia in early adulthood. Methods: We performed a prospective analysis utilizing data collected from participants of the Raine Study Gen2. Dietary vitamin A intake, determined via food frequency questionnaires completed at ages 14, 17, and 20 years, was compared with ophthalmic measurements collected at year 20. Low vitamin A levels were defined as <600 μg/day. Regression models were used to adjust for ocular sun exposure level, educational level, and parental myopia as potential confounders. Results: A total of 642 subjects were analyzed. Although those with adequate vitamin A intakes were less likely to be myopic (P = 0.03), this association became insignificant when adjusted for potential confounding factors in logistic regression modeling (odds ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.98-2.52; P = 0.06). Conclusions: There were no significant associations between total vitamin A intakes during adolescence and year 20 refractive errors after adjustment for confounders. Replication of this finding and further investigations are essential to rule out the suggestion that sufficient vitamin A intake during adolescence is associated with lower risk of myopia in early adulthood. Translational Relevance: Our findings are not definitive that ingesting foods high in vitamin A during childhood and adolescence does not have a role for preventing myopia in early adulthood.

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Prevention and Management of Myopia and Myopic Pathology

Cited by 109 publications

References 121 publications

Posterior segment conditions associated with myopia and high myopia

Posterior segment conditions associated with myopia and high myopia

Six-Year Changes in Myopic Macular Degeneration in Adults of the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases Study

Is Dietary Vitamin A Associated with Myopia from Adolescence to Young Adulthood?

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