Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less than 2-years-old: conclusions and recommendations of the Technical Consultation

Andersson, Maria; Benoist, Bruno de; Delange, François; Zupan, Jelka

doi:10.1017/s1368980007361004

Cited by 476 publications

(313 citation statements)

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“…The 2 × 2 table was analysed by Fisher's exact test (without Bonferroni correction). Differences between the two areas for age, body weight, height, iodine intake, and serum FT 3 , FT 4 and TSH contents were tested by using independent sample t tests, and UIC was analysed through the Kruskal-Wallis test. Statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS statistical software package version 13·0.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Iodine deficiency may cause hypothyroidism and results in severe developmental delay in infants and stillbirth in pregnant women (1)(2)(3) . WHO, UNICEF and the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD) endorse the policy of iodine supplementation for pregnant and breast-feeding women in iodine-deficient countries where salt iodization is not regulated or is ineffective, in order to improve the nutritional status of iodine (4) .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction with adequate and excessive iodine intake in Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China

Tan

Sang²,

Shen³

et al. 2014

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To explore (i) the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in populations with adequate and excessive iodine intakes and (ii) the effect of iodine exposure on the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction. Design: Cross-sectional study was conducted in Hebei in 2010. The population was classified as having adequate or excessive iodine intake according to the iodine concentration in drinking water. Demographic information was collected by questionnaire. Levels of serum thyroid hormones, thyroid autoantibodies and iodine in drinking water and urine were measured. Setting: Villages with adequate or excessive drinking water iodine in Hebei Province, People's Republic of China. Subjects: A total of 854 men and women aged 20-50 years who had lived in the surveyed areas for over 5 years, including 348 from the adequate iodine area (AIA) and 506 from the excessive iodine area (EIA). Results: Median urinary iodine concentration was 185 μg/l in AIA and 1152 μg/l in EIA. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in AIA was 10·3 %, which included 1·1 % with hypothyroidism and 8·1 % with subclinical hypothyroidism; and 20·6 % in EIA, which included 3·6 % with hypothyroidism and 13·6 % with subclinical hypothyroidism. The positive rates of thyroglobulin antibody were 16·1 % in AIA and 11·9 % in EIA; the positive rates of thyroperoxidase antibody were 20·7 % in AIA and 16·4 % in EIA. Conclusions: Excessive iodine intake may lead to increased prevalence of biochemical thyroid dysfunction, especially biochemical hypothyroidism. This is not related to an increase in prevalence of thyroid antibodies. Women are more susceptible to iodine excess.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction with adequate and excessive iodine intake in Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China

Tan

Sang²,

Shen³

et al. 2014

Public Health Nutr.

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“…Iodine intake from bread was calculated as 48µg/100g. It was assumed that reported salt use greater than or equal to one teaspoon of added salt had not taken into account amounts lost in cooking and meals eaten by more than one person, therefore an amount of 1g per day was used based on discretionary salt use estimated from dietary modelling by FSANZ (Andersson et al, 2007a). Iodine intake was compared to EAR for pregnant women (160 µg/day) (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2006) and contribution of each food source was calculated as a percentage and compared to the 2011 study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At 25µg/L the coefficient of variation is 8.2%, at 120µg/L the coefficient of variation is 9.8% and at 350µg/L the coefficient of variation is 11.3%. Sufficiency was determined using World Health Organization criteria of MUIC ≥150µg/L in pregnancy) (Andersson et al, 2007b;World Health Organization, 2007). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement in iodine status of pregnant Australian women 3years after introduction of a mandatory iodine fortification programme

Charlton

Yeatman

Brock

et al. 2013

Preventive Medicine

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“…The WHO recommends universal salt iodization -the iodization of all salt for human and livestock consumption -as the optimal strategy for the prevention of iodine deficiency (6) . In addition, in areas where the proportion of households using iodized salt has yet to reach 90 %, the WHO recommends iodine supplementation be made available to all women capable of reproduction, currently pregnant or lactating (6) .…”

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confidence: 99%

Public health policy to redress iodine insufficiency in pregnant women may widen sociodemographic disparities

Mallard

Houghton

2013

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To evaluate the impact of a mandatory bread fortification programme on estimated iodine intakes of childbearing women and to describe the extent to which uptake of a maternal iodine supplement recommendation is associated with sociodemographic characteristics. Design: A postpartum survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. Details on pre-and post-conceptional supplement use, bread intake, iodized salt use and maternal sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics were obtained. Setting: Eleven maternity wards and hospitals located across New Zealand. Subjects: Seven hundred and twenty-three postpartum New Zealand women. Results: Mean iodine intake from fortified bread was 37 mg/d prior to conception. Younger women, women with higher parity, single women and those with unplanned pregnancies were less likely to meet the pregnancy Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for iodine (all P # 0?022). Although not statistically significant for all months of pregnancy, women with less education and income were less likely to meet the EAR (P # 0?11 and P # 0?2 for all months, respectively) and indigenous Māori women and Pacific women were less likely than New Zealand Europeans to meet the EAR (P # 0?17 and P # 0?051 for all months, respectively). During pregnancy, iodine-containing supplement uptake at the recommended level (150 mg/d) was non-uniform across sociodemographic subgroups, with the most disadvantaged women benefiting the least from this public health policy. Conclusions: The disparities in supplement uptake noted here highlight the need for prioritizing further efforts towards universal salt iodization, such as the mandatory fortification of additional processed foods with iodized salt.

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Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less than 2-years-old: conclusions and recommendations of the Technical Consultation

Cited by 476 publications

References 1 publication

Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction with adequate and excessive iodine intake in Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China

Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction with adequate and excessive iodine intake in Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China

Improvement in iodine status of pregnant Australian women 3years after introduction of a mandatory iodine fortification programme

Public health policy to redress iodine insufficiency in pregnant women may widen sociodemographic disparities

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