Preventative and therapeutic effects of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed extracts against necrotizing enterocolitis

Enteral Feeding Interventions in the Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Systematic Review of Experimental and Clinical Studies

“…In addition, levels of the GSH-Px were increased, without reaching statistically significance [125]. Enteral treatment with fennel seed extracts in a rat model of NEC decreased the intestinal total oxidant status, the oxidative stress index, the amount of advanced oxidation protein products and the concentration of lipid hydroperoxide and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (oxidized guanine, 8-OhdG), while increasing the total antioxidant status, indicating reduced oxidative stress [122]. Addition of rat amniotic fluid to formula feeding reduced intestinal mRNA levels of iNOS in a rat NEC model [63].…”

“…Bacteroides fragilis ZY-312 [113] Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 [68,69] Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA 4659 [68] Lactobacillus reuteri biofilm on unloaded microspheres [71,72] Lactobacillus reuteri biofilm on MRS loaded microspheres [71] Lactobacillus reuteri biofilm on sucrose loaded microspheres [72] Lactobacillus reuteri biofilm on maltose loaded microspheres [72] Bifidobacterium microcapsules [114] Bifidobacterium mixture [115] Bifidobacterium adolescentis [76] Bifidobacterium infantis [116] Bifidobacterium bifidum OLB6378 [74] Bifidobacterium breve M-16V [117] Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (live) [39] Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (dead) [39] Lactobacillus rhamnosus isolated DNA [39] Probiotic mixture (Bifidobacterium animalis DSM15954, Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM13241, Lactobacillus casei ATCC55544, Lactobacillus pentosus DSM14025 and Lactobacillus plantarum DSM13367) [77] CpG-DNA [39] Other interventions Bovine milk exosomes [118] Native human breast milk exosomes [78,119] Pasteurized human breast milk exosomes [119] Preterm human breast milk exosomes [120] Ginger [121] Fennel seed extracts [122] Amniotic fluid [40,63,123] Curcumin [124] Sesamol [125] Astragaloside iv [126] Resveratrol [127] Berberine [79] Surfactant protein a [80] Human β-defensin-3 [81] PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; MPL milk polar lipids; MFGM, milk fat...…”

“…Bifidobacterium infantis-longum strain CUETM 89-215 [130] Bifidobacterium adolescentis [76] Bacteroides fragilis ZY-312 [113] Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (live) [39] Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (dead) [39] Lactobacillus rhamnosus isolated DNA [39] Other interventions Ginger [121] Fennel seed extracts [122] Amniotic fluid [123] Sesamol [125] Human β-defensin-3 [81] DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; MFGM, milk fat globule membrane; MPL milk polar lipids; 2 -FL, 2 -fucosyllactose; 6 -SL, 6 -sialyllactose; GD3, ganglioside D3; CGMP, caseinoglycomacropeptide; OPN, osteopontin; EGF, epidermal growth factor; HB-EGF, hemoglobin-binding EGF-like growth factor; IGF1, insulin-like growth factor 1. [68,69,132] Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA 4659 [68] Lactobacillus reuteri biofilm on sucrose loaded microspheres [72] Lactobacillus reuteri biofilm on maltose loaded microspheres [72] Bifidobacterium adolescentis [76] Bifidobacterium infantis [75] Bifidobacterium breve M-16V [117] Other interventions Surfactant protein A [80] Human β-defensin-3 [81] PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; MFGM, milk fat globule membrane; HMO, human milk oligosaccharides; rPAF-AH, recombinant platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase; HB-EGF, hemoglobin-binding EGF-like growth factor.…”

“…Ginger intake by rats with NEC reduces intestinal protein concentrations of IL1β, IL6, TNFα and myeloperoxidase (MPO) [121]. Enteral administration of fennel seed extracts reduces intestinal protein concentrations of MPO, TNFα and IL6 [122]. Bovine milk exosomes administered through gavage normalized terminal ileum protein expression of MPO in NEC mice [118].…”

“…Intestinal SOD (protein) ↑ [125] Intestinal GSH-Px (protein) ↑ (NS) [125] Intestinal MDA (protein) ↓ [125] Fennel seed extracts Intestinal total oxidant status (µmol H 2 O 2 equivalent/g protein) ↓ [122] Intestinal oxidative stress index (total oxidant status/total antioxidant status) ↓ [122] intestinal advanced oxidation protein products (ng/mg protein) ↓ [122] intestinal lipid hydroperoxide (nmol/L) ↓ [122] intestinal 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OhdG, ng/mL) ↓ [122] intestinal total antioxidant status (mmol Trolox equivalent/g protein) ↑ [122] Amniotic fluid intestinal iNOS (mRNA) ↓ [63] distal small intestinal/terminal ileum iNOS (mRNA) ↓ [40,123] terminal ileum iNOS (protein) ↓ [40] Berberine ileal iNOS (mRNA) ↓ [79] Astragaloside IV distal ileum GSH (protein) ↑ [126] distal ileum SOD (protein) ↑ [126] distal ileum MDA (protein) ↓ [126] Resveratrol ileum iNOS (protein) ↓ [127] ↑ depicts an increase, ↓ depicts a decrease; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; MFGM, milk fat globule membrane; 2 -FL, 2 -fucosyllactose; 6 -SL, 6 -sialyllactose; GOS: galacto-oligosaccharides; FOS, fructo-oligosaccharides; IAP, intestinal alkaline phosphatase; EGF, epidermal growth factor; HB-EGF, hemoglobin-binding EGF-like growth factor.…”