Prevalence, treatment patterns, and risk factors of hypertension and pre-hypertension among Bangladeshi adults

Abstract

In Bangladesh, morbidity and mortality due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has increased over the last few decades. Hypertension is an important risk factor for NCDs, specifically cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to assess prevalence and risk factors for hypertension and prehypertension among adults in Bangladesh. Data for this analysis were collected during the national NCD Risk Factor Survey of Bangladesh conducted in 2010 from a representative sample of men and women, aged 25 years or above. The survey adopted a multistage, geographically clustered, probability-based sampling approach. WHO STEPS questionnaire was used to collect data on demographics, behavioral risk factors, and physical measurements. Overall, 20% of the study population were hypertensive at study measurement. The prevalence of hypertension increased with age and body mass index(BMI). Twelve percent of the population were previously diagnosed with hypertension. Among these individuals, nearly half were not taking any medications to control their hypertension. Additionally, the prevalence of pre-hypertension was 43%, with higher levels among males, older age groups, and those with higher education, higher wealth index and high BMI. Predictors of hypertension, included older age, high BMI and diabetes comorbidity. Based on this study, we estimate that 1 out of 5 Bangladeshi adults have hypertension. The risk of hypertension increases with older age and high BMI. Additionally, prevalence of pre-hypertension is high in Bangladesh in both rural and urban areas. Findings from this study can be used to inform public health programming to control the spread of NCDs in Bangladesh.

Prevalence and associated factors of pre‐hypertension and hypertension in Nepal: Analysis of the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016

“…Given the negative consequences of hypertension, our estimations suggest that hypertension could be a huge public health challenge for Nepal, specifically for some high‐risk groups such as older or obese people, similar to the situation in other countries . The current health strategy has a specific target to reduce the prevalence of overall hypertension from 26% to 22% by 2020 .…”

“…Among the regions of the World Health Organization (WHO), hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders are increasing at a faster rate in South Asian countries compared with other regions . Previous studies reported that prevalence and likelihood of pre‐hypertension and hypertension vary according to several characteristics, including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), socioeconomic status, and place of residence . These characteristics also affect awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension …”

“…Previous studies reported that prevalence and likelihood of pre‐hypertension and hypertension vary according to several characteristics, including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), socioeconomic status, and place of residence . These characteristics also affect awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension …”

“…Studies that previously investigated prevalence and risk factors for hypertension in Nepal and other countries have found that these vary according to age, sex, body weight, race/ethnicity, place of residence, marital status, education level, socio‐economic status, and concomitant diseases such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, or stress . Furthermore, due to similar restrictions for assessing prevalence from a nationally representative dataset, studies investigating the determinants of pre‐hypertension or hypertension in Nepal are also limited by a shortage in recently collected data and the availability of only small‐scale studies mainly conducted in a community or a particular region .…”

Association of Body Composition and Anthropometric Measurement with Hypertension among Workers in Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

“…Total body fat was categorized into 4 categories: low, normal, high, and very high. Visceral fat was categorized into 3 categories: normal (0.5-9.5), high (10-14.5), and very high (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30). Blood pressure measurement divided into 4 categories based on Joint National Committee VII: normal (<120/<80), prehypertension (120-139/80-89), stage 1 hypertension (140-159/90-99), and stage 2 hypertension (≥160/≥100) (12).…”