Prevalence, risk factors and molecular characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in five provinces of Northern China

Xu, Chao; Ma, Xusheng; Zhang, Hao; Zhang, Xiaoxuan; Zhao, Jiaping; Ba, Hengxing; Rui-Du,; Xing, Xiu Mei; Wang, Quankai; Zhao, Quan

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.05.015

Cited by 29 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…To our knowledge, this genotype has only been described once, in a patient with ulcerative colitis in the Netherlands 5 . This genotype is very similar to two other recently described genotypes, NCR1 and NCF2, found in raccoon dogs ( Nyctereutes procyonoides ) farmed in Northern China 28 . Other highly similar strains to these three genotypes have mostly been found in animals in China 29 – 31 and recently in wild animals, especially wild boars ( Sus scrofa ) and raccoons ( Procyon lotor ) introduced in Central Europe 32 , 33 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Intestinal microsporidiosis in Strasbourg from 2014 to 2016: emergence of an Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype of Asian origin

Greigert

Pfaff

Abou-Bacar

et al. 2018

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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Microsporidia cause opportunistic infections in highly immunodeficient individuals. Few studies on the epidemiology of these infections have been conducted in France. Between 2014 and 2016, we undertook a study to estimate the prevalence and circulating genotypes of this fungus-related micro-organism among the population of Strasbourg University Hospital. Samples were collected from hospitalized patients and analyzed using microscopy and molecular assays. Strains from positive subjects were sequenced for genotyping. Only 7/661 patients (1.1%) were positive for microsporidia, and the only species identified was Enterocytozoon bieneusi. Two patients presented immunodeficiency linked to AIDS, and five transplant recipients presented immunodeficiency linked to immunosuppressive therapies. Only five patients received specific antimicrosporidial treatment, but clinical outcomes were good in all cases. We identified four genotypes: A and D in patients with AIDS, and C and S9 in transplant recipients. To date, genotype S9 has been described only once. This genotype is similar to those found in farm animals in China. Because some of these animals have been introduced to Central Europe, we postulate that this genotype might be of Asian origin. Thus, genotyping microsporidial strains may be of epidemiological and clinical interest to identify potential outbreak sources depending on the infecting strains.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Intestinal microsporidiosis in Strasbourg from 2014 to 2016: emergence of an Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype of Asian origin

Greigert

Pfaff

Abou-Bacar

et al. 2018

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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“…NCF2, NCF3, and NCF4) was the most prevalent and identified in European badgers in Asturias and red foxes in Extremadura and Castilla-La Mancha (Table 2). This genotype appears to be a common genotype in wildlife that was first reported in wild boars in Poland and Czech Republic (N emejc et al 2014), and later has also been identified in raccoon in Poland (Le snia nska et al 2016), foxes and raccoon dogs in China (Xu et al 2016;Yang et al 2015;Zhang et al 2016). Our study expands the geographical and host range of this genotype.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Molecular Characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Wild Carnivores in Spain

Santı́n

Calero‐Bernal

Carmena

et al. 2017

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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Microsporidia comprises a diverse group of obligate intracellular parasites that infect a broad range of invertebrates and vertebrates. Among Microsporidia, Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most frequently detected species in humans and animals worldwide bringing into question the possible role of animal reservoirs in the epidemiology of this pathogen. Although E. bieneusi is an emerging zoonotic pathogen able to infect many domestic and wild mammals that could act as reservoir of infection for humans and other animals, only few studies have documented its occurrence in wild carnivores. To determine the occurrence of E. bieneusi in wild carnivores, we examined 190 wild carnivores collected from different locations in Spain. Twenty-five fecal samples (13.2%) from three host species (European badger, beech marten, and red fox) were E. bieneusi-positive by PCR. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the ITS region revealed a high degree of genetic diversity with a total of eight distinct genotypes including four known (PtEbIX, S5, S9, and WildBoar3) and four novel (EbCar1-EbCar4) genotypes identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the four novel genotypes (EbCar1-EbCar4), S5, S9, and WildBoar3 clustered within the previously designated zoonotic Group 1. Our results demonstrate that human-pathogenic genotypes are present in wild carnivores, corroborating their potential role as a source of human infection and environmental contamination.

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“…Bootstrapping was performed using 1000 replicates, and the values below 50 % are not shown. The E. bieneusi group terminology is based on the works of Guo et al (2014), Zhao et al (2015), and Xu et al (2016) …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the phylogeny analysis, the detected genotype NCF2, clustered with other genotypes of group 1, suggesting its zoonotic potential. This newly identified E. bieneusi NCF2 genotype in European raccoons has so far been present only in farmed foxes and raccoon dogs from China (Xu et al 2016; Zhang et al 2016). The studies undertaken by Guo et al (2014) showed that the infection rate of E. bieneusi in raccoons from a New York watershed area was as high as 82 % (18/22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in introduced raccoons (Procyon lotor)—first evidence from Poland and Germany

et al. 2016

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The raccoon (Procyon lotor) carnivore native to North America is a fast spreading, invasive species in the Europe now. At the moment, the highest population occupies areas near the German-Polish border. The data on the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. and microsporidia in raccoons is limited to North America’s territory and is totally lacking in the case of their introduction to Europe. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of microparasites, i.e., Cryptosporidium spp. and microsporidia in the introduced raccoons obtained from localities in Poland and Germany. A PCR-based approach that permitted genetic characterization via sequence analysis was applied to raccoon fecal samples (n = 49), collected during 2012–2014. All fecal samples were simultaneously tested with the use of genetic markers, and DNA of microsporidia and Cryptosporidium spp. was detected among the examined raccoons. The results of our research confirmed the presence of Cryptosporidium skunk genotype and Enterocytozoon bieneusi NCF2 genotype. The results suggest a possible role of raccoons in the contamination of the environment, including urban areas, with pathogens of zoonotic significance as well as their role in the transmission and introduction of new genotypes of microparasites in the areas where P. lotor has not been observed yet. To our knowledge, there has been no literature data on the above genotypes detected previously in humans or animals from the examined study sites so far.

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Prevalence, risk factors and molecular characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in five provinces of Northern China

Cited by 29 publications

References 20 publications

Intestinal microsporidiosis in Strasbourg from 2014 to 2016: emergence of an Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype of Asian origin

Intestinal microsporidiosis in Strasbourg from 2014 to 2016: emergence of an Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype of Asian origin

Molecular Characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Wild Carnivores in Spain

Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in introduced raccoons (Procyon lotor)—first evidence from Poland and Germany

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