Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical manifestations of schistosomiasis among school children in the White Nile River basin, Sudan

Abstract

BackgroundWe investigated the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical manifestations of schistosomiasis in White Nile State, Sudan, to determine the local characteristics of schistosomiasis in the White Nile River basin.MethodsUrine and stool samples were collected from 338 students (176 boys, 162 girls) at three primary schools and were examined using the urine filtration method and the Kato-Katz technique, respectively. Of the students, 200 were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire to assess water-contact patterns and health conditions related with urinary schistosomiasis.ResultsOf the 338 students, egg-positive rates for S. haematobium and S. mansoni were 45.0% and 5.9%, respectively, and 4.4% were mixed. The intensities of S. haematobium and S. mansoni infection were 1.091 ± 0.744 log EP10 (eggs per 10 mL of urine, mean ± SD = 57 ± 172 EP10) and 1.787 ± 0.844 log EPG (eggs per gram of stool, mean ± SD = 156 ± 176 EPG), respectively. The prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium infection differed significantly among the three schools, but not by gender or age. Urinary schistosomiasis was significantly associated with the frequencies of contaminated water contact, taking baths, swimming, and wading the stream; however, frequencies of these events were not significantly correlated with infection intensity. Self-reported hematuria and dysuria also correlated significantly with urinary schistosomiasis.ConclusionsThe overall prevalence of schistosomiasis, especially urinary schistosomiasis, is high in the White Nile River basin, Sudan, and is closely associated with frequencies of water contact, taking baths, swimming, and wading the stream. We strongly recommend implementation of an integrated schistosomiasis control program in this area.

Significance of Echogenic Snow Sign as an Ultrasonography Finding for Diagnosis of Urogenital Schistosomiasis

“…The subset of UM results, especially those of the school-aged children, was already included in our previous report of UGS control in Sudan. 7 Ultrasonography by WHO criteria. Of the 948 participants who underwent both the US and UM, 155 participants (16.4%) showed abnormal US images by the WHO criteria FIGURE 1.…”

“…7,8 The projects included not only preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel subjecting schoolchildren and also village residents according to the egg positive rates, but also health education for behavioral change and construction of filtered water supply system. The US was implemented not for all target villages but for a part of them.…”

“…6 In the present study, we screened schoolchildren and community people by both US and UM as one of implementation programs of schistosomiasis control in White Nile State, Sudan. 7,8 We performed US to observe the morbidity of UGS in addition to UM for screening. The WHO guidelines of the urogenital US were modified, and we also evaluated diagnostic significance of one new US finding, the echogenic snow sign, for UGS morbidity.…”

An Update on Schistosomiasis: Prevalence, Intensity of Infection and Risk Factors among School-Aged Children in Njombe, Littoral Region, Cameroon

“…The intensity of infection was determined for positive samples and recorded as number of eggs per 10 ml of urine. The intensity was classified [17] as light infection (less than 50 eggs/10 ml of urine) and heavy infection (more than 50 eggs/10 ml of urine).…”

Co-infecção Plasmodium falciparum e Schistosoma haematobium: papel dos genes HLA não-clássicos de classe I (HLA-G, -E e -F) na suscetibilidade à malária

“…S. mansoni is also found in Latin America, specifically in Brazil (Scholte et al 2014), while in the People's Republic of China, the Philippines and three small Indonesian foci harbor S. japonicum (Utzinger et al 2010). S. guineensis and S. intercalatum are present along the Congo River and in lower Guinea (in Africa) , whereas the S. haematobium is highly endemic in the White Nile River basin, Sudan (Africa) (Ismail et al 2014). S. mekongi is encountered around the border between Cambodia and Lao People's Democratic Republic (Muth et al 2010).…”