Prevalence Rates of Uterine Cervical Carcinoma in Situ for Women Using the Diaphragm or Contraceptive Oral Steroids

Melamed, Myron R.; Koss, Leopold G.; Flehinger, Betty J.; Kelisky, Richard P.; Dubrow, H

doi:10.1097/00006254-197005000-00023

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Female condom use and delayed onset of sexual intercourse by the study group were not protective against HPV infection, and therefore the previously reported protective effect of condom use 3,4,12,14 and delayed onset of sexual intercourse 14 against HPV infection could not be confirmed. This may be due to the small sample size of the study group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…11 The prevalence of genital HPV is also directly related to the number of lifetime sexual partners, recent change in sexual partners, marital status, illiteracy, oral contraceptive use, alcoholism, smoking, hormonal and dietary factors, and immunosuppression. 7,[12][13][14] HPV 16 is the most common HPV type found in the cervix and in cervical cancers, where it is detected in over 50% of cases. The other types detected commonly in cervical cancers include types 18, 45 and 31.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cervical human papillomavirus infection in accra, Ghana

Domfeh

Wiredu²,

Adjei³

et al. 2009

Ghana Medical Journal

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Background: This study was aimed at estimating the human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and its determinants among a sample of Ghanaian women. Design: Cross-sectional observational study. Setting: Gynaecology outpatient clinic of the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; the largest tertiary care gynaecology outpatient clinic in Ghana. Participants: Convenient sample of 75 consenting women visiting the clinic. Methods: Information was obtained through personal interviews using structured questionnaire, Pap smears obtained, and laboratory testing of cervical exfoliated cells was performed. HPV DNA was detected using a GP5+/6+ polymerase chain reaction assay. These data were analyzed using both univariate and bivariate techniques. Results: The mean age of participants was 33.3 years (standard deviation, 9.2) and the percentage of lifetime monogamy was 21.3%. The crude HPV DNA prevalence was 10.7%. Unlike most populations studied so far, HPV prevalence was high not only among young women, but also in middle and old age. Independent HPV determinants were being illiterate (prevalence odds ratio [POR], 13.9; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 1.9-100) and reporting more than three lifetime sexual partners (POR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.0-22.2). Conclusions: The study indicates a high crude prevalence of HPV in a largely polygamous Ghanaian population with a high crude prevalence in older age groups, which may be a distinctive feature of polygamous populations where HPV transmission continues into middle age and cervical cancer incidence is very high.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical human papillomavirus infection in accra, Ghana

Domfeh

Wiredu²,

Adjei³

et al. 2009

Ghana Medical Journal

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“…Many authors have obtained data which suggest that this is so (Boyd and Doll, 1964;Melamed et al, 1969;Worth and Boyes, 1972;Boyce et al, 1977;Collette et al, 1978). The reported effect has, however, usually been small.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neoplasia and dysplasia of the cervix uteri and contraception: a possible protective effect of the diaphragm

Wright¹,

Vessey²,

Kenward³

et al. 1978

Br J Cancer

100

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Summary.-Among the 17,032 women included in the Oxford-Family Planning Association contraceptive study, 65 developed biopsy proven cervical neoplasia (including dysplasia) prior to 1 September 1977. The incidence rate in diaphragm users (0.17 per 1000 woman-years of observation) was much lower than the rates in oral contraceptive users or intrauterine device users (0.95 and 0-87 respectively). This difference could not be explained in terms of confounding variables, nor was it attributable to a lower frequency of cervical smearing among diaphragm users within the clinics.Detailed information about age at first intercourse, numbers of sexual partners and the frequency of cervical smearing outside the clinics was obtained from 52 of the women with cervical neoplasia and 139 matched controls. Diaphragm users were less likely to have had coitus at an early age and had had materially fewer sexual partners-tian users of the other two methods of contraception. After adjusting for the effects of these variables, however, the risk of cervical neoplasia in diaphragm users was still only about one quarter that in the users of the other methods. Patterns of smearing varied little between users of the various contraceptive methods.Smoking emerged as a major "risk factor" for cervical neoplasia in this study. This probably implies that the smoking habit reflects some important aspect of sexual behaviour relevant to the production of the disease that we have been unable to measure.

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“…Kline et al (1970) found a 2.0 % incidence of atypical cells in 2,296 women on oral contraceptives as against 1.0 % in 17,724 controls. Non-hormonal factors related to frequency of exposure of the unprotected cervix during intercourse and which would be relevant for both oral and intrauterine contraceptive users are reviewed by Melamed et al (1969). Non-hormonal factors related to frequency of exposure of the unprotected cervix during intercourse and which would be relevant for both oral and intrauterine contraceptive users are reviewed by Melamed et al (1969).…”

Section: Cervix Uterimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A systematic long-range study of uterine cervical carcinoma in women using various methods of contraception was begun in 1965 by Planned Parenthood of New York City, Inc., in conjunction with the Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases, and the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research (Melamed et al, 1969). To date, this study, initially involving nearly 40,000 women, has shown a small but significant increase in prevalence rate of uterine cervical carcinoma in situ amongst women choosing and using oral hormonal steroids for 1 year or more, as against those choosing a diaphragm for contraception.…”

Section: Cervix Uterimentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormonal Steroid Contraceptives1 IV

1971

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Prevalence Rates of Uterine Cervical Carcinoma in Situ for Women Using the Diaphragm or Contraceptive Oral Steroids

Cited by 3 publications

References 6 publications

Cervical human papillomavirus infection in accra, Ghana

Cervical human papillomavirus infection in accra, Ghana

Neoplasia and dysplasia of the cervix uteri and contraception: a possible protective effect of the diaphragm

Hormonal Steroid Contraceptives1 IV

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