Prevalence Rate and Associated Factors of Sarcopenic Obesity in Korean Elderly Population

Abstract

This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence rates and to explore associated factors of sarcopenic obesity (SO) in 2,221 Koreans over 60 yr-of age from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2009). Participants were assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by body weight was used to define sarcopenia and waist circumference was used to define obesity. We estimated the prevalence rates of SO according to age-groups, sex and region. In addition, each group was compared by demographic characteristics, metabolic status, nutrition, and physical activity. The prevalence rates of SO were 6.1% (95% confidential interval [CI] = 6.1-6.2) for men and 7.3% (95% CI = 7.3-7.3) for women, respectively. SO was positively associated with no current working and the number of combined medical conditions. High serum insulin level was positively associated with SO, whereas vitamin D was negatively associated with SO in both men and women. In conclusion, the prevalence rates of SO are 6.1% in men and 7.3% in women. SO is associated with insulin resistance, inappropriate nutrition, and low physical activity.

Muscle loss and obesity: the health implications of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity

“…Several cross-sectional studies in Korean populations of older adults have found that sarcopenic obese individuals had the worse cardiovascular risk profile. Sarcopenic obesity (based on skeletal muscle assessed by DXA and obesity measured by either computerised tomography, DXA, BMI or WC) was associated with lower cardiorespiratory fitness, higher fasting glucose levels, a higher risk of hypertension, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance, and up to an 8-fold increase in risk of the metabolic syndrome compared with non-sarcopenic, non-obese (48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55) . Similar findings were reported in a community-dwelling sample of Taiwanese older adults; sarcopenic obesity (defined by BIA-measured muscle mass and BMI) was associated with the highest risk of metabolic syndrome (56) .…”

A sarcopenia prevalenciája, valamint az egészség- és életmódbeli tényezőkkel való kapcsolata a tartós ellátást nyújtó intézményekben élő idősek körében

“…Hwang és mtsai 2221 fős, koreai, otthon élő idősekből álló mintán azt észlelték, hogy a krónikus betegségek jelenléte szignifikánsan összefügg a sarcopeniával: két kró-nikus betegség öt és félszeresére, három vagy annál több betegség tíz és félszeresére növeli a sarcopenia esélyét [15]. A fenti kutatásban a jelenlegi fizikai aktivitás befolyásoló hatását vizsgálva sem az ellenállással szemben végzett gyakorlatok, sem a mobilitást növelő mozgás-programok, sem a járástréning prevenciós hatása nem igazolódott.…”

“…A hatékony intézkedések megtervezéséhez a sarcopenia patomechanizmusa mellett a sarcopeniával kapcsolatban álló, azt befolyásoló életmódbeli tényezők ismerete is szükséges. A korábbi kutatások otthon élő idősek körében vizsgál-ták a sarcopenia prevalenciáját, valamint azt, hogy az egészség-és életmódbeli tényezők hogyan függnek ösz-sze a sarcopenia gyakoriságával [8,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Eddig azonban azt nem vizsgálták, hogy a tartós ellátást nyújtó idősotthonban élőknél van-e összefüggés a fenti ténye-zők és a sarcopenia előfordulása között.…”

Association between sarcopenic obesity and cardiovascular risk: where are we?

“…After adjusting for confounding factors the group with SO showed a higher chance of dyslipidemia (OR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.76-4.51) regardless of sex (15). Many cross-sectional studies in the Korean population, especially in elderly subjects (7,10,14,43,44), but also in adults (11,12,45), showed that SO was associated with changes in the lipid profile characterized by elevated levels of triglycerides (TGL) (7,10,14,22,(43)(44)(45), total cholesterol (TC) (22) and reduction of the high density lipoprotein (HDL) (10,11). They used as criterion for diagnosis of sarcopenia, ASM adjusted for body mass and for obesity, BMI > 25 kg/m 2 , the visceral fat area (VFA) by computed tomography (CT) or waist circumference (WC).…”

“…The main changes of BC are related to excess of adipose tissue (AT) and/or the deficit of muscular mass (MM), defined as obesity, sarcopenia or sarcopenic obesity (SO), when both conditions appear simultaneously (1). The prevalence of SO has increased in industrialized countries due to the high number of cases of obesity and sarcopenia in obese people, ranging from 4.4% to 42.9%, depending on the diagnostic methods and on the studied population (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). There is not a consensus between the definition and classification of SO, and this gap contributes to the inconsistent findings in its association with clinical outcomes (22)(23)(24).…”