Prevalence, Performance and Predictors of Electrocardiographic Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Male Black Athletes: A Retrospective Study

Abstract

Introduction: QRS voltages for electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (ECG-LVH) are more prominent in Black athletes than non-Black athletes. The underlying physiological relationships of ECG-LVH in BA remain enigmatic despite their greater predisposition to arterial hypertension. Objectives: To determine the frequency of eight eponymous ECG-LVH criteria in male collegiate athletes in Nigeria; To determine the diagnostic performance of the most prevalent criteria; To determine the predictors of ECG-LVH. Methods: 34 (thirty-four) athletes and 49 (forty-nine) non-athletic controls with normal electrocardiograms and echocardiograms were retrospectively recruited from an existing pre-participation screening cohort. They were all normotensive, non-obese and normoglycemic, and matched for age and body mass index (BMI). Results: The four most frequent criteria were Sokolow-Lyon index (67.6% vs. 36.7%; χ 2 = 7.7; p = .006), Romhilt’s criterion (52.9% vs. 8.2%; χ 2 = 20.6; p < .001), Peguero-Lo Presti criterion (38.2% vs. 22.4%; χ 2 = 2.43; p < .144), and Mazzoleni’s criterion (35.3% vs. 4.1%; χ 2 = 13.95; p < .001). The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of these criteria ranged between 23.8%–57.1%, 38.5%–53.9%, and 32.4%–50.0%, respectively. Athletic activity (OR = 4.49; 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.63–12.36; p = .004) and lower BMI (OR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.63–0.97; p = .026) were independent predictors of ECG-LVH by the Sokolow-Lyon criterion. Conclusions: Voltage ECG-LVH criteria all poorly predict the presence of echocardiographic LVH in young male Black athletes. However, the Sokolow-Lyon criterion seems to be associated with a benign cardio-metabolic profile in such athletes and appears hypothetically superior to other voltage criteria for identifying physiological cardiac remodeling in them. This hypothesis should be tested in future studies.