Prevalence of wound, its associated risk factors and wound management practices in carthorses of ten selected towns of Ethiopia

Tefer, Mihret; Tesfaye, Reta; Zewdu, Hanna; Gemechu, Gizaw; Tefera, Gebre; Ashine, T.

doi:10.4314/evj.v24i2.1

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Such data would be invaluable not only for disease surveillance but also for policy development, research and public health monitoring. The fact that some findings from this study such as the high proportion of wounds, parasitism or musculoskeletal findings are in line with results of purpose-built research studies [ 10 , 12 , 33 , 36 ], highlights the potential of using routine monitoring data from organisations on the ground for animal health surveillance purposes. However, an understanding of disease incidence and prevalence by identifying the proportion of individual animals with specific conditions (numerator) within a population of animals (denominator) would be required for adequate veterinary surveillance.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…Other studies also report high frequencies of wounds and skin lesions in working equids [9,10,12,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39], particularly work-related wounds [9,31,[34][35][36][37][38][39]. Despite being well documented, the high prevalence of work-related wounds remains a particular welfare concern for working equids, to which they are predisposed to by the very nature of their work.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

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Common clinical findings identified in working equids in low- and middle-income countries from 2005 to 2021

Merridale-Punter,

Wiethoelter,

El-Hage

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Despite several millions of working equids worldwide, there are few published studies regarding the epidemiology of their health and welfare. Data collected by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) operating in the working equid sphere therefore have important epidemiological value and could be used towards animal health surveillance. The aim of this study was to identify common clinical findings and mortality patterns of working equids in low- and middle-income countries and investigate their epidemiology using data collected from an international NGO. A retrospective analysis was conducted to determine the proportion of clinical findings and mortality risk by equid species, year and region. Negative binomial regression models were generated to investigate differences in mortality risk and proportion of key clinical findings between equid species, hemispheres and calendar month. A total of 4,313,606 presentations were reported from 14 countries between January 2005 and March 2021 (mean 22,121; SD ± 7,858 per month). Wounds and abscesses were the most reported clinical finding for all equid species (mean proportion 35%; SD ±0.19 of all findings). A higher proportion of wounds (mean proportion 41.7%; SD±0.2) was recorded in donkeys than mules or horses (P<0.001). Mules had higher reported mortality risk (1.2%; 95% CI 0.94–1.46%) than horses (0.4%; 95% CI 0.36–0.55%; p<0.001) or donkeys (0.2%; 95% CI 0.14–0.22%). Work-related wounds were the predominant finding in working equids, particularly so in donkeys. Prevention strategies should focus on improvements to work equipment and practices for all equids. Future investigations required include refinement of diagnostic approaches for donkeys and investigation of risk factors to understand the higher mortality in mules. Routine monitoring of clinical findings reported by national or international NGOs could be included in animal health surveillance strategies, although standardisation of data for this purpose is needed so that changes in prevalence following implementation of prevention strategies can be monitored.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Common clinical findings identified in working equids in low- and middle-income countries from 2005 to 2021

Merridale-Punter,

Wiethoelter,

El-Hage

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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“…Further, median quality scores for mule harnesses were reported as 3.5/5 in the Amhara region [6]. This has been linked to health outcomes such as lameness [6] and harness-related wounds [6,22,24], and attributed as the cause of reduced work outputs in up to 76% of working donkeys in other African countries [48]. However, functionality of equipment was not described in available reports and insight into what makes the equipment inadequate is scarce, limiting strategies towards improvement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As no data on the prevalence of adequate equipment in the study locations has been published to date, sample size calculation was based on the expected prevalence of harness-related wounds as an indicator of equipment quality. The prevalence of harness-related wounds in Shashamene and Bishoftu has been reported at 17% and 18% respectively [22,29], and thus a required sample size of 369 equids and drivers was estimated, based on an expected prevalence of harness-related wounds of 20% [30], a desired confidence of 95%, and an absolute precision of 5% and inflating by a design effect of 1.5 to account for clustering [31]. Two data collection sheets were created: a survey of animal welfare indicators [32] and work equipment indicators for each equid, and a questionnaire for the corresponding cart-driver (Supplement 1).…”

Section: Quantitative Data Collection and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Equipment design influences animal comfort and efficiency of work [12], and should be suitable for both the animal, the user and the specific type of work intended [8,14,16,18]. However, equipment-related wounds are common in working equids worldwide [19][20][21][22][23][24] and reported in over 60% of animals in some parts of Ethiopia [25,26], raising concerns about the adequacy of the work equipment and the work practices used [6,19,27]. Inadequate work equipment has also been associated with lameness [6] and other indicators of poor welfare [19,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Putting the cart before the horse: mixed-methods participatory investigation of working equid harnessing practices in three selected towns of the Oromia national regional state in Ethiopia

Merridale-Punter,

Elias,

Wodajo

et al. 2024

BMC Vet Res

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Background Millions of working equids provide socio-economic support for many low-income communities worldwide. With the prevalence of harness-related wounds reported as higher than 60%, this study aims to describe the equipment used by working equids in three locations of the Ethiopian national regional state of Oromia (Fiche, Bishoftu and Shashamene), and the attitudes and practices of equid owners, users and harness makers regarding work equipment. This mixed-methods study consists of cross-sectional surveying of working equids used for taxi or transport of goods or water, as well as cart-driver questionnaires and focus groups (FG) with working equid stakeholders. Activities conducted with FG included participatory ranking of equipment attributes and equipment drawing exercises. Indicators of equipment design and assembly, as well as cart-driver attitudes and practices were described quantitatively. Associations between equipment characteristics and species, work-type and cart-driver indicators were investigated through univariable logistic regression models, whereas focus group discussions were transcribed and analysed thematically. Results In total, 368 working equid surveys and cart-driver questionnaires were completed and 87 participants took part in nine FG. Equipment composition and characteristics differed considerably from ideal animal draught and harnessing principles described in the literature, with none of the observed harnesses adhering to all principles and thus not considered fully adequate. Various harness compositions were used, with only saddles and breast collars present in all. Donkey equipment had fewer components than that of horses, such as swingle trees (OR 0.02; 95% CI 0.01–0.06; p < 0.001) or girths (OR 0.09; 95%CI 0.02–0.4; p = 0.002). Horse equipment was more likely to have functional elements such as breeching (OR 7.8; 95% CI 2.9–20.9; p < 0.001). Of all equipment attributes, FG participants ranked cost, design and impact on animal wellbeing as having the highest importance. Thematic analysis identified motivations and priorities regarding equipment; awareness and knowledge of design and function; barriers to using ideal equipment; and consequences of equipment design and practices as key themes. Conclusions Various weaknesses of design, assembly and use of equid work equipment were identified. Promoting behavioural change through awareness and training could lead to a sustainable improvement of work equipment quality, access, and prevention of equipment-related problems.

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Rate of Beta-Lactam Resistance and Epidemiological Features of S. Aureus-Associated Bovine Mastitis in Cross-Bred Ethiopian Cows: Systematic Review

Dagnaw,

Bazezew,

Mengistu

et al. 2024

VMRR

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Background: Dairy cows get mastitis from a common infection called Staphylococcus aureus. Because of its broad distribution across diverse populations and capacity to acquire antibiotic resistance, this particular bacterial strain presents a serious threat to public health. The main goals of this study were to determine the beta-lactam resistance profile of S. aureus in Ethiopian dairy cows and to offer thorough epidemiological data. Methods: We employed manual searches, Web of Science, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar HINARI for electronic bibliographic data. Results: Twenty-six epidemiological studies were included in this systematic review. Of these studies, 12 articles in Oromia, 4 articles in Addis Ababa, 4 articles in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's (SNNPRS), 3 articles in Tigray, and 3 articles in Amhara region. The average prevalence S. aureus were 34.3% in Oromia, 40.2% in Amhara, 39.5 in AA, 40% in Tigray and 21% in SNNPRS. The antimicrobial resistance rate of S. aureus, specifically in relation to beta-lactam drugs, exhibited an average estimation. Notably, penicillin resistance reached a rate of 75%, while amoxicillin resistance stood at 67%. Furthermore, it was determined that, when treating S. aureus, the resistance rates to ampicillin and cephalosporin were 50% and 57%, respectively. Conclusion:The results of this analysis have demonstrated a considerable rise in S. aureus prevalence and beta-lactam resistance within the Ethiopian geographic environment. This emphasizes the critical need for alternate therapeutic approaches and preventative measures in order to successfully lessen the disease's extensive spread and detrimental effects across the nation.

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Prevalence of wound, its associated risk factors and wound management practices in carthorses of ten selected towns of Ethiopia

Abstract: No Abstract.

Cited by 3 publications

References 2 publications

Common clinical findings identified in working equids in low- and middle-income countries from 2005 to 2021

Common clinical findings identified in working equids in low- and middle-income countries from 2005 to 2021

Putting the cart before the horse: mixed-methods participatory investigation of working equid harnessing practices in three selected towns of the Oromia national regional state in Ethiopia

Rate of Beta-Lactam Resistance and Epidemiological Features of S. Aureus-Associated Bovine Mastitis in Cross-Bred Ethiopian Cows: Systematic Review

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