Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency in Canada and the United States: Importance to Health Status and Efficacy of Current Food Fortification and Dietary Supplement Use

Calvo, Mona S.; Whiting, Susan J.

doi:10.1301/nr.2003.marr.107-113

Cited by 151 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In the NGHS, fortified milk and milk products were the most common food sources of vitamin D; milk provided over 42% of all vitamin D at all visits. These findings are in accord with national data [16, 34, 36, 41, 42] demonstrating the important contribution of fortified milk to vitamin D intake in adolescence.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The current and previous NGHS findings [45] add to the growing evidence that racial disparities exist in vitamin D intake [31, 34, 46]. In agreement with past studies [37, 41, 47] African American girls consumed less fortified milk compared with their white counterparts, perhaps partly attributed to lactose intolerance known to be common in this ethnic group [31, 43]. White girls more often consumed lower-fat milks whereas African-American girls more often obtained vitamin D from higher fat milks, higher fat meats and meat alternatives (sausage, ground beef, eggs), and margarine.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

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Ethnic differences in food sources of vitamin D in adolescent American girls: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study

et al. 2011

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The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study (NGHS) was a 10-year longitudinal study of the development of obesity and CVD risk factors (including dietary, psychosocial, environmental and others) in 2,379 African-American and white females who were 9 or 10 years old at study entry. Current studies have documented a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency among healthy children, adolescents and young adults in the United States, especially among low-income, black and Hispanic children (defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of ≤ 20 ng/mL). Although the main source of vitamin D is direct exposure of the skin to ultraviolet rays from sunlight, certain foods contribute vitamin D including fortified milk, meat, eggs, oils and fortified cereals. Vulnerable subgroups that are especially at risk of inadequate intakes of vitamin D, include teenage girls and women. Research providing the prevalent food sources of vitamin D, especially in the diets of both white and African American female adolescents is limited. The purpose of this study is to document food sources of vitamin D reported by this biracial young cohort and compare potential ethnic or other differences that could enhance tailored dietary interventions that are particularly relevant to this vulnerable population subgroup.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Ethnic differences in food sources of vitamin D in adolescent American girls: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study

et al. 2011

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“…Combining low intake with indoor lifestyle and sun-avoiding behaviors including sunscreen use, it is not surprising that low vitamin D status is endemic. 3-6 The skeletal health consequences of vitamin D deficiency (calcium malabsorption and skeletal fragility) have long been recognized. More recently it has become appreciated that low vitamin D status leads to muscle weakness, falls and potentially a multitude of non-skeletal morbidities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Vitamin D Status: Definition, Prevalence, Consequences, and Correction

Binkley

Ramamurthy

Krueger

2010

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America

175

112

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Vitamin D is obtained from cutaneous production when 7-dehydrocholesterol is converted to vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) by ultraviolet B radiation or by oral intake of vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3. An individual's vitamin D status is best evaluated by measuring the circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration. Though controversy surrounds the definition of low vitamin D status, there is increasing agreement that the optimal circulating 25(OH)D level should be ~30-32 ng/ml or above. Using this definition, it has been is estimated that approximately three quarters of all adults in the United States are low. Classically, low vitamin D status has skeletal consequences such as osteomalacia/rickets. More recently, associations between low vitamin D status and increased risk for various non-skeletal morbidities have been recognized; whether all of these associations are causally related to low vitamin D status remains to be determined. To achieve optimal vitamin D status, daily intakes of at least 1000 IU or more of vitamin D are required. The risk of toxicity with “high” amounts of vitamin D intake is low. Substantial between-individual variability exists in response to the same administered vitamin D dose. When to monitor 25(OH)D levels has received little attention. Supplementation with vitamin D3 may be preferable to vitamin D2.

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“…5-7 At the same time, a number of surveys have suggested that vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency may be more common than previously believed. 8,9 Because of the implications of these observations for public health, considerable effort is now being given to examining the vitamin D exposure of various populations and to determining the levels of vitamin D that are associated with reduced cancer risk and optimal bone health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Certification of a Standard Reference Material for Vitamin D Metabolites in Human Serum

et al. 2011

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The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (NIH-ODS), has developed a Standard Reference Material (SRM) for the determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in serum. SRM 972 Vitamin D in Human Serum consists of four serum pools with different levels of vitamin D metabolites and has certified and reference values for 25(OH)D2, 25(OH)D3, and 3-epi-25(OH)D3. Value assignment of this SRM was accomplished using a combination of three isotope-dilution mass spectrometry approaches, with measurements performed at NIST and at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Chromatographic resolution of the 3-epimer of 25(OH)D3 proved to be essential for accurate determination of the metabolites.

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Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency in Canada and the United States: Importance to Health Status and Efficacy of Current Food Fortification and Dietary Supplement Use

Cited by 151 publications

References 21 publications

Ethnic differences in food sources of vitamin D in adolescent American girls: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study

Ethnic differences in food sources of vitamin D in adolescent American girls: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study

Low Vitamin D Status: Definition, Prevalence, Consequences, and Correction

Development and Certification of a Standard Reference Material for Vitamin D Metabolites in Human Serum

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