Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency across the spectrum of glucose intolerance

Abstract

BackgroundVitamin D deficiency (VDD) is inversely associated with insulin resistance. We studied the prevalence of VDD across the spectrum of glucose intolerance, including normal glucose tolerance (NGT), prediabetes (PD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D).MethodsWe conducted this cross-sectional, observational study by serially including the PD and T2D patients seen between June and December 2014. We excluded patients with major illness, secondary diabetes and use of vitamin D or glucocorticoids. VDD was defined as serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) less than 30 ng/mL. The study population was divided into 3 groups: T2D (Group 1; n = 274), PD (Group 2; n = 62) and NGT controls (Group 3; n = 270) for the analysis and appropriate statistical methods were used.ResultsThe study participants (n = 606, 28 % males) had a mean age of 43.2 ± 13.6 years, BMI of 27.7 ± 5.9 kg/m2, HbA1c of 6.6 ± 2 % and mean 25OHD of 18.8 ± 15.7 ng/mL. VDD was seen in 85 % of the entire study population including 84 % in T2D, 77 % in prediabetes and in 87 % of the controls. The mean 25OHD levels were lower in the control group (16.8 ng/mL) when compared with T2D and prediabetes (19.9 and 22.4 ng/mL) respectively (P = 0.0124). Univariate analysis showed higher odds of VDD in females (P < 0.0001) but no association with diabetes, age, BMI and HbA1c.ConclusionOur data showed that VDD is prevalent in the majority of the population, irrespective of the underlying glucose intolerance. Further studies are required to determine the association between the vitamin D and diabetes.

Dietary Calcium and Serum 25OHD Protect Chinese Women from Type 2 Diabetes

“…However, recent evidence suggested that vitamin D and calcium homeostasis may also be important for a variety of non-skeletal outcomes. Indeed, multivariate analyses showed a marginally significant inverse association of T2D with dietary calcium intake in American women (13,35). In the prospective studies, low calcium intake was consistently found to be inversely associated with T2D incidence (13,27).…”

“…Indeed, multivariate analyses showed a marginally significant inverse association of T2D with dietary calcium intake in American women (13,35). In the prospective studies, low calcium intake was consistently found to be inversely associated with T2D incidence (13,27). Another investiation by Black Women's Health Study (a prospective cohort study of ~59,000 women aged 21-69 at baseline) found an odds ratio for T2D incidence of 0.82 (0.72-0.93) for highest vs. lowest calcium intake (28).…”

“…It is difficult to draw definitive conclusions from the available intervention studies with vitamin D and/or calcium supplementation, because our current study was short in duration, and complex in conditions. The results may stem from insufficient calcium absorption or deficiency/ insufficiency of vitamin D, whose main function was to facilitate intestinal absorption of calcium (13,19,35).…”

“…In addition, higher serum 25OHD level were associated with markedly decreased risk of diabetes in Australians (12). Vitamin D deficiency was shown to be inversely correlated to insulin resistance regardless of the glucose tolerance status (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). These findings indicated that the relation between vitamin D and diabetes deserved further attention.…”

Assessment of vitamin D status and its association with insulin resistance among type 2 diabetic subjects

“…Modi et al had similar findings in their studies. 17 On the contrary Erdönmez et al, stated that there was no significant association between vitamin D levels and insulin resistance. 18 Also the findings of Sollid et al, suggested that vitamin D supplementation does not improve glycemic status.…”