Prevalence of Virulence Genes and Antifungal Resistance in Candida albicans Isolated from Raw Goat Milk

Abstract

The contamination of goat milk with pathogenic fungi can cause health hazards for the consumers either they consume it raw or even in the processed form. Since there are few studies concerning yeasts in raw goat milk, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of yeasts and isolate Candida albicans from raw goat milk samples. Also, this study determined the distribution of virulence genes and the antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida albicans isolates. A total of 30 goat milk samples (collected from free-grazing goats) were mycologically examined. The confirmed Candida albicans isolates were subjected to PCR assay to detect the virulence genes (SAP4, RAS1, ALS1, HWP1, and PLB1). Also, antifungal sensitivity testing was performed against the commercially available antifungal agents and probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum). The mycological examination revealed that 14 out of 30 (46.7%) goat milk samples were positive for yeasts and only 4 (13.3%) isolates were confirmed as Candida albicans. The results from the PCR assay showed that RAS1 and ALS1 were found in 4 (100%) isolates, HWP1 and SAP4 were found in 2 (50%) isolates, while PLB1 was not detected in tested Candida albicans isolates (0%). Antifungal sensitivity testing results showed that ketoconazole gave the best activity against Candida albicans isolates, followed by fluconazole, nystatin, and itraconazole. All isolates were resistant to terbinafine. Moreover, both Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum showed antifungal effects against Candida albicans, but Lactobacillus plantarum was more effective than Lactobacillus acidophilus. Antifungal resistance is a major problem that can lead to failure of candidiasis treatment. Regular antifungal sensitivity testing and searching for an alternative bio-eco-friendly approach for proper control and treatment of candidiasis are strongly needed to prevent treatment failure and emergence of resistant isolates.

Prevalence of Mycotic Mastitis and Evaluation of Some Virulence Potential of Candida albicans Isolated from Mastitic Goats

“…The present result contrasted with the result of Shrief et al (2019) who examined the virulence genes of C. albicans and found that HWP1 gene represented (77%), SAP1 (65%), and PLB1 (52%). Also, these results are contrasted with Soliman et al (2020) who discovered that 50% of C. albicans isolates had HWP1 and SAP4, while PLB1 was not detected in tested isolates (0%).…”

Antifungal and antibiofilm effects of probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius, zinc nanoparticles, and zinc nanocomposites against Candida albicans from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), water and humans

“…Previous studies in Egypt have reported a higher prevalence of HWP1 and ALS1 genes in C. albicans isolates from patients ( Shrief et al., 2019 ; Hamady and Marei, 2021 ). Additionally, another study revealed that RAS1 and ALS1 were present in all Candida isolates, while HWP1 and SAP4 were found in half of the isolates ( Soliman et al., 2020 ). In addition, Inci et al.…”