Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence in People with Chronic Heart Failure

Abstract

Methods: Protein lysates and RNA prepared from cardiac muscle from colon 26 (C26) carcinoma bearing mice at day 14 post-tumour inoculation (i.e. 15-20% total body weight loss = overt cachexia) was used in this study. Gene and protein expression studies using quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were performed on novel candidate markers of CC in heart, which may potentially be underpinning this process.Results: There was a significant up-regulation of RNA for Similar to Mother against Decapentaplegic homolog 4 (Smad4), Gata4 and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl 2 ). Concurrently, a significant increase in protein expression of Smad4, Vitamin D receptor, and phosphorylated Extracellular Signalling Kinase 1 (p-Erk1); and significant decrease in protein expression of Gata4 and p-Erk2 was found.Conclusions: Our results suggest that cardiomyopathy resulting from cancer cachexia may be due to a series of maladaptive responses where alterations in molecular pathways regulated by Smad4, Gata4 and VDR occur simultaneously. Thus, these molecular targets may be potential biomarkers, which could be targeted for diagnosis and therapy.