Prevalence of tuberculosis and treatment outcome among university students in Northwest Ethiopia: a retrospective study

Moges, Beyene; Amare, Bemnet; Yismaw, Gizachew; Workineh, Meseret; Alemu, Shitaye; Mekonnen, Daniel; Diro, Ermias; Belay, Ermias D.; Kassu, Afework

doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1378-1

Cited by 33 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The mean prescription drug cost per episode ranges from US$1 in UK [ 36 ], Norway [ 25 ], and Korea [ 32 ], to US$ 60 in the US [ 14 ], whereas in Europe, the maximum identified cost per episode was found in Germany (US$16) [ 38 ]. The expected OTC expenditure per episode ranges between US$2 in Italy [ 26 ] and US$13 in Australia and Germany [ 16 , 37 ], and their impact varied between 2.8% and 18.6% of total health care costs and between 13.2% and 88.9% of total drug costs. However, differences in OTC consumption is likely to be even more sensitive to estimation methods and data availability.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health care costs of influenza-related episodes in high income countries: A systematic review

Federici¹,

Cavazza²,

Costa³

et al. 2018

PLoS ONE

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IntroductionThis study systematically reviews costing studies of seasonal influenza-like illness (ILI) in high-income countries. Existing reviews on the economic impact of ILI do not report information on drug consumption and its costs, nor do they provide data on the overall cost per episode.MethodsThe PRISMA-P checklist was used to design the research protocol. Studies included were cost of illness analysis (COI) and modeling studies that estimated the cost of ILI episodes. Records were searched from January 2000 to December 2016 in electronic bibliographic databases including Medline, Embase, Science Direct, the Cochrane Library, the Centre for Reviews and Disseminations of the University of York, and Google scholar. References from the included studies were hand-searched for completion. Abstract screening, full-text analysis and data extraction were performed by two reviewers independently and discrepancies were resolved by discussion with a third reviewer. A standardized, pre-piloted form was used for data extraction. All costs were converted to 2015 US$ Purchasing Power Parities.ResultsThe literature search identified 5,104 records. After abstract and title screening, 76 studies were analyzed full-text and 27 studies were finally included in the review. Full estimates of the cost per episode range from US$19 in Korea to US$323 in Germany. Particularly, the cost per episode of laboratory confirmed influenza cases was estimated between US$64 and US$73. Inpatient and outpatient services account for the majority of the costs. Differences in the estimates may reflect country-specific characteristics, as well as other study-specific features including study design, identification strategy of ILI cases, study populations and types of costs included in the analysis. Children usually register higher costs, whereas evidence for the elderly is less conclusive. Patients risk-profile, co-morbidities and complications are the other important cost-drivers. None of the papers considered appropriateness in resource use (e.g. abuse of antibiotics). Despite cost of illness studies have ultimately a descriptive role, evidence on (in)appropriateness is useful for policy-makers.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health care costs of influenza-related episodes in high income countries: A systematic review

Federici¹,

Cavazza²,

Costa³

et al. 2018

PLoS ONE

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“…75,76 There is a growing body of research which indicates that job insecurity may lead to comparable vulnerability or even a stronger threat to health of workers than unemployment. 77 Mental strain associated with job insecurity may indirectly lead to “physiological vulnerability” which, in turn, may contribute to low back pain. 78–84 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…34,41,88 One possible result of how work-family life imbalance is related to low back pain may be the draining of psychological and physical resources leading to unhealthy behaviors, including alcohol and tobacco use and decreased leisure-time physical activity. 77, 89 Another postulated pathway between work-family life imbalance and low back pain is that mental strain can cause muscle tension or other physiological processes that might aggravate low back pain. 90 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Back Pain Prevalence and Related Workplace Psychosocial Risk Factors: A Study Using Data From the 2010 National Health Interview Survey

Yang

Haldeman

et al. 2016

Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics

168

136

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Objectives The objectives of this study were to estimate prevalence of low back pain, to investigate associations between low back pain and a set of emerging workplace risk factors and to identify worker groups with an increased vulnerability for low back pain in the US. Methods The data used for this study came from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), which was designed to collect data on health conditions and related risk factors obtained from the US civilian population. The variance estimation method was used to compute weighted data for prevalence of low back pain. Multivariable logistic regression analyses stratified by sex and age were performed to determine the odds ratios (ORs) and the 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for low back pain. The examined work-related psychosocial risk factors included work-family imbalance, exposure to a hostile work environment and job insecurity. Work hours, occupation and other work organizational factors (non-standard work arrangements and alternative shifts) were also examined. Results The prevalence rate of self-reported low back pain in previous three months among workers in the U.S. was 25.7% in 2010. Female or older workers were at increased risk of experiencing low back pain. We found significant associations between low back pain and a set of psychosocial factors, including work-family imbalance (OR 1.27, CI 1.15–1.41), exposure to hostile work (OR 1.39, CI 1.25–1.55), and job insecurity (OR 1.44, CI 1.24–1.67), while controlling for demographic characteristics and other health related factors. Older workers who had non-standard work arrangements were more likely to report low back pain. Females who worked 41–45 hours per week and younger workers who worked over 60 hours per week had an increased risk for low back pain. Workers from several occupation groups, including, male healthcare practitioners, female and younger healthcare support workers, and female farming, fishing and forestry workers had an increased risk of low back pain. Conclusions This study linked low back pain to work-family imbalance, exposure to a hostile work environment, job insecurity, long work hours and certain occupation groups. These factors should be considered by employers, policy makers, and healthcare practitioners who are concerned about the impact of low back pain in workers.

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“…Studies in other settings indicate similar rates of motorcycle-associated injuries [37–39]. Considering that motorcycles account for over 30% of public transportation in Cameroonian cities, there may be a need to explore safer transportation alternatives [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key findings from a prospective trauma registry at a regional hospital in Southwest Cameroon

et al. 2017

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IntroductionTrauma is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Data characterizing the burden of trauma in Cameroon is limited. Regular, prospective injury surveillance can address the shortcomings of existing hospital administrative logs and medical records. This study aims to characterize trauma as seen at the emergency department (ED) of Limbe Regional Hospital (LRH) and assess the completeness of data obtained by a trauma registry.Methods and findingsFrom January 2008 to October 2013, we prospectively captured data on injured patients using a strategically designed, context-relevant trauma registry instrument. Indicators around patient demographics, injury characteristics, delays in accessing care, and treatment outcomes were recorded. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate statistical analyses were conducted.About 5,617 patients, aged from 0.5-95years (median age of 26 years), visited the LRH ED with an injury; 67% were male. Students (27%) were the most affected occupation category. Road traffic injuries (RTIs) (56%), assault (22%), and domestic injuries (13%) were the leading causes of injury. Two-thirds of RTIs were motorcycle-related. Working in transportation (AOR 4.42, p<0.001) and law enforcement (AOR 1.73, p = 0.004) were significant predictors of having a RTI. The trauma registry showed a significant improvement in completeness of all data (p<0.001) and it improved over time compared with previous administrative records. However, proportions of missing data still ranged from 0.5% to 8.2% and involved respiratory rate or Glasgow Coma scale.ConclusionsImplementation of a context-appropriate trauma registry in resource-constrained settings is feasible. Providing valuable, high-quality data, the trauma registry can inform trauma care quality improvement efforts and policy development. Study findings indicate the need for injury prevention interventions and policies that will prioritize high-risks groups, such as those aged 20–29 years, and those in occupations requiring frequent road travel. The high incidence of motorcycle-related injuries is concerning and calls for a proactive solution.

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Prevalence of tuberculosis and treatment outcome among university students in Northwest Ethiopia: a retrospective study

Cited by 33 publications

References 16 publications

Health care costs of influenza-related episodes in high income countries: A systematic review

Health care costs of influenza-related episodes in high income countries: A systematic review

Low Back Pain Prevalence and Related Workplace Psychosocial Risk Factors: A Study Using Data From the 2010 National Health Interview Survey

Key findings from a prospective trauma registry at a regional hospital in Southwest Cameroon

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