Prevalence of ticks in sheep and goats of Jammu region

Rashid, M.; Godara, R.; Yadav, Ashok; Katoch, Rajesh

doi:10.5958/0973-9718.2018.00019.3

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…The tick infestation rate was higher in sheep than in goats. This pattern has been observed in some studies of tick infestation of livestock in Pakistan [ 52 , 53 ]. Another study observed the opposite: that infestation was lower in sheep (11.1%) as compared to goats (60.0%) [ 7 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

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Epidemiology, Distribution and Identification of Ticks on Livestock in Pakistan

Khan

Ahmed

Afzal

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Background: Ticks are ectoparasites that transmit a variety of pathogens that cause many diseases in livestock which can result in skin damage, weight loss, anemia, reduced production of meat and milk, and mortality. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify tick species and the distribution on livestock hosts (sheep, goat, dairy cattle, and buffalo) of Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province and Islamabad from October 2019 to November 2020. Materials and Methods: Surveillance was performed to calculate the prevalence of ticks on livestock. Tick prevalence data (area, host, breed, gender, age, and seasonal infestation rate) was recorded and analyzed. Results: A total of 2080 animals were examined from selected farms, and, of these, 1129 animals were tick-infested. A total of 1010 male tick samples were identified to species using published keys. Haemaphysalis punctata, Haemaphysalis sulcata, Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma detritum, Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma excavatum, Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma rufipes, Rhipicephalus decoloratus Rhipicephalus microplus, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus were collected from goats, sheep, buffalo, and cattle. The overall rates of tick infestation on livestock were 34.83% (buffalo), 57.11% (cattle), 51.97% (sheep) and 46.94% (goats). Within each species, different breeds demonstrated different proportions of infestation. For cattle breeds, infestation proportions were as follows: Dhanni (98.73%), Jersey (70.84%) and the Australian breed of cattle (81.81%). The Neeli Ravi breed (40%) of buffalo and the Beetal breed (57.35%) of goats were the most highly infested for these species. Seasonally, the highest prevalence of infestation (76.78%) was observed in summer followed by 70.76% in spring, 45.29% in autumn, and 20% in winter. The prevalence of tick infestation in animals also varied by animal age. In goats, animals aged 4–6 years showed the highest prevalence (90%), but in cattle, the prevalence of ticks was highest (68.75%) in 6 months–1-year-old animals. 1–3 years old buffalo (41.07%) and 6 months–1 year sheep (65.78%) had the highest prevalence rate. Females had significantly higher infestation rates (61.12%, 55.56% and 49.26%, respectively) in cattle, sheep, and goats. In buffalo, males showed a higher prevalence (38.46%) rate. Conclusions: This study showed tick diversity, infestation rate, and numerous factors (season, age, and gender of host) influencing tick infestation rate in different breeds of cattle, sheep, goats, and buffalo in Punjab Province, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, and Islamabad, Pakistan. Higher tick burdens and rates of tick-borne disease reduce production and productivity in animals. Understanding tick species’ prevalence and distribution will help to develop informed control measures.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Grooming of calves and the smaller surface area of animals may be factors in the lower tick burdens [ 70 ]. In sheep and goats, age had no significant effect on tick infestation, as others have described [ 53 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Epidemiology, Distribution and Identification of Ticks on Livestock in Pakistan

Khan

Ahmed

Afzal

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…These findings corroborate the previous studies conducted in India, Iran, and the Mexico–USA border region [ 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ]. The rationales for this phenomenon are: that puppies and young dogs have an immature immune system that is not fully developed/functional, while adults have repeated exposure to tick infestation, so their immune system more effectively resists tick infestation as compared to juveniles [ 52 , 59 , 60 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ticks Infesting Dogs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: Detailed Epidemiological and Molecular Report

et al. 2023

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Ticks and tick-borne diseases are considered a major challenge for human and animal health in tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate regions of the world. However, only scarce information is available on the characterization of tick species infesting dogs in Pakistan. In this study, we present a comprehensive report on the epidemiological and phylogenetic aspects of ticks infesting dogs in Pakistan using the mitochondrial markers i.e. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) nucleotide sequences. A total of 300 dogs were examined and 1150 ixodid ticks were collected across central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The morpho-molecular characterization of hard ticks revealed the presence of two ixodid tick genera on dogs, i.e., Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus, including six tick species viz. Hyalomma dromedarii (15.9%), Hyalomma excavatum (3%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (41.3%), Rhipicephalus turanicus s.s. (28.7%), Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides (10.2%), and Rhipicephalus microplus (2%). The total prevalence of tick infestation in dogs was 61%. The district with the highest tick prevalence rate in dogs was Mardan (14.7%), followed by Peshawar (13%), Swabi (12%), Charsadda (11%), and Malakand (10.3%), respectively. Risk factors analysis indicated that some demographic and host management-associated factors such as host age, breed, exposure to acaricides treatment, and previous tick infestation history were associated with a higher risk of tick infestation on dogs. This is the first molecular report confirming the infestation of Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus tick species in the dog population from the study area. The present study also reported a new tick–host association between Hy. excavatum, Hy. dromedarii, and dogs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that cox1 partial nucleotide sequences of Hy. excavatum in our dataset were 100% identical to similar tick specimens identified in Turkey, and those of Hy. dromedarii were identical to tick specimens from Iran. Whereas, Rh. haemaphysaloides and Rh. microplus’ cox1 partial nucleotide sequences were identical to sequences previously published from Pakistan. Rhipicephalus turanicus s.s. ‘s cox1 isolates from the present study were 99.8–100% identical to Pakistani-reported isolates, and those of Rh. sanguineus s.l. were 100% identical to Chinese specimens. Results on the genetic characterization of ticks were further confirmed by 16S rRNA partial nucleotide sequences analysis, which revealed 100% identity between the tick isolates of this study and those of Hy. excavatum reported from Turkey; Hy. dromedarii specimens reported from Senegal; Rh. haemaphysaloides, Rh. microplus, and Rh. turanicus s.s., previously published from Pakistan, and Rh. sanguineus s.l., published from China. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis showed that the Rh. sanguineus s.l. isolates of this study clustered with specimens of the tropical lineage with 7.7–10% nucleotide divergence from the specimens of the temperate lineage. Further molecular works need to be performed throughout Pakistan to present a more detailed map of tick distribution with information about dog host associations, biological characteristics, and pathogen competence.

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“…The lower number of rams (3) and ewes (6) was observed in "Rhipicephalus camicasi". The total ewes and rams ratios were found as 1.1:1 (28).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Rafiq et al, (2017) (25) also determine in district Quetta that tick's occurrence greater as (36%) in ewess than (32%) in ramss Rashid et al, (2018) (26). perceived that invasion rate is greater in ewes as compared to rams.Vathsala et al, (2004 results were also similar, observed that "194 sheep (64.66%)" and "293 goats (97.66%)"…”

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confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Taxonomic Identification of Ectoparasites (Ticks) Collected from Sheep in Sinjawi (Ziarat) Balochistan Pakistan

Jaffar

Rafiq²,

Jaffar³

et al. 2022

Pak Euro. J. Med & LS

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Ticks are ectoparasites (Hematophagous) of wild and domestic animals. These are hazardous especially livestock industry all around the world, most of ticks species have been caused huge economic losses to domestic animals as well as livestock industry. The current study was conducted to check the prevalence and taxonomic identification of species of tick in Tehsil Sinjawi. In 2020 to 2021 species such as Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma belonging to two genera were collected and identified. During current study results, the most Dominance specie Rhipicephalus sanguineus (n=180) was found in sheep while female sheep (n=74) were highly infested as compare to male sheep (n=47). Proper control measures are needed for tick infestation and prevalence in study area.

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Prevalence of ticks in sheep and goats of Jammu region

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Epidemiology, Distribution and Identification of Ticks on Livestock in Pakistan

Epidemiology, Distribution and Identification of Ticks on Livestock in Pakistan

Ticks Infesting Dogs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: Detailed Epidemiological and Molecular Report

Prevalence and Taxonomic Identification of Ectoparasites (Ticks) Collected from Sheep in Sinjawi (Ziarat) Balochistan Pakistan

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