Prevalence of Tic Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Knight, Tristan; Steeves, Thomas; Day, Lundy; Lowerison, Mark; Jetté, Nathalie; Pringsheim, Tamara

doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.05.002

Cited by 419 publications

(308 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…More recently, Scahill et al reported a 0.3% TS prevalence in a community study and in a random telephone interview survey with parents, which they believe, in both studies, to be underestimated 24,25 . Still, a meta-analysis study reports a 0.77% TS prevalence and 2.34% prevalence for both CVTD+CMTD in 13 and 4 school-based studies respectively, is congruent with our results 26 . Finally, two recent school-based studies, an Iranian (mean age: 9.5) and one in Mauritius (9-11 years age), report respectively 1.3% and 0.6% TS prevalence, also similar to our results considering that age range 27,28 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

The prevalence of tic disorders in children and adolescents in Brazil

Alves

Quagliato

2014

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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Tourette syndrome (TS) and tic disorders represent events of familiar magnitude characterized by involuntary movements and/or vocalization. To determine the prevalence of TS/tic disorders we studied a sample of 762 subjects (388 M, 374 F), between 1992 and 1997, age 6 to 43 years old, taken out of a population of 10,155 subjects (4,918 M, 5,237 F; age: 3-56 years old). A structured 4-item questionnaire, direct interview (multistaged), .1 yr follow-up, were used. 9,565 subjects (4,614 M, 4,951 F) sent back the questionnaires, 3,354 of these (1,671 M, 1,683 F) with positive answers to tics. 42 subjects (31 M, 11 F, age: 7-21 years old, mean: 11 years old) met the DSM-III-R criteria. The total minimal prevalence of TS is 0.43%, with a 3:1 ratio male/female. The minimal prevalence of chronic tic disorder is 2.27%. The total minimal prevalence for tic disorders at all is 2.91%. No special education students participation.Keywords: Tourette syndrome, tic disorders, epidemiologic community prevalence study. RESUMOSíndrome de Tourette e transtornos de tiques representam eventos de magnitude familiar caracterizados por movimentos involuntários e/ou vocalização. Para determinar a prevalência de TS/transtornos de tiques, estudamos uma amostra de 762 indivíduos (286 M, 376 F), entre 1992 e 1997, de 6 a 43 anos de idade, retirados de uma população de 10.155 indivíduos (4.918 M, 5.237 F, idade: 3-56 anos). Questionário de avaliação inicial (4 itens), entrevista direta, follow-up .1 ano, foram utilizados. 9.565 indivíduos (4.614 M, 4.951 F) retornaram seus questionários, 3.354 (1.671 M, 1.683 F), com respostas positivas para tiques. 42 sujeitos (idade 31 M, 11 F, 7-21 anos, média: 11 anos) preencheram os critérios diagnósticos do DSM-III-R. A prevalência total mínima para TS é de 0,43% (3 M:1 F), e para transtornos de tiques crônicos é de 2,27%. A prevalência total mínima para transtornos dos tiques é 2,91%. Nenhuma participação de estudantes de classe especial.Palavras-chave: síndrome de Tourette, transtornos dos tiques, estudo epidemiológico de prevalência na comunidade.Tics are brief and repetitive contractions of muscular groups, stereotyped, more commonly involving facial muscles, neck and arms. It causes sudden movements of the corporal parts involved and it may be localized in the trunk, legs and in muscles that intervene in respiration and phonation, leading to emission of sounds (vocalizations). Both motor and vocal tics can be simple or complex, and they may be part of a spectrum ranging from transient tic disorder (TTD), simple (SCTD) or multiple chronic tic disorder (CMTD) to Tourette syndrome (TS). Once considered a rare disorder, the most recent studies have reported prevalence ranging from 0.10 to 3.8% but prevalence as low as 0.043% and as high as 5.26% has been reported 1,2,3,4,5 . As in our country there has not been a previous study on tic disorders, we decided to start this investigation with the scope to determine TS/tic disorders prevalence in a cohort of students and to follow-up those identified...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

The prevalence of tic disorders in children and adolescents in Brazil

Alves

Quagliato

2014

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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“…Dynorphin A [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] immunoreactivity was decreased in a severely affected patient with GTS within striatal fibres projecting to the GPe. 38,39 .…”

Section: Endogenous Opioidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome

Robertson

Eapen

Singer

et al. 2017

Nat Rev Dis Primers

287

244

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The unstructured abstract of 200 words maximum should summarize the main points of the article. All information mentioned in the abstract must be addressed somewhere in the main article. The abstract should not contain references or display item citations. Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS), a reasonably common disorder, has had a long, tortuous and somewhat controversial history. First and well described in the 18th century 1,2 , the main features of GTS have, however, remained fairly constant. The core diagnostic features are multiple motor and one or more vocal (phonic) tics lasting for over a year. In addition, almost pathognomic, but not necessary, features described in the early documentations include coprolalia (involuntary, inappropriate swearing), and echophenomena (copying behaviours), as well as many co-morbidities and psychopathologies 3 . Introduction [suggested 500 words, is 544 words -8 refs] Mary Robertson Thoughts for Mary -Your word count when combining sections 1 and 2 is 1001 (1000 limit)-so OKGTS was originally described in France and the majority of early literature came from and standardised schedules such as diagnostic confidence, measurement of severity, QoL, and assessment of both co-morbidities and co-existent psychopathologies are currently available.Large international collaborative consortia are engaged in studies exploring aetiological factors in particular, and some international treatment studies are also underway. Perhaps as a result of earlier small patient numbers, the treatment trials have given good clues to management, but unsurprisingly systematic reviews and meta-analyses have been hampered, giving disappointing, if not unexpected, results. Intriguingly medications from the typical NRDP -Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome 3 antipsychotic family including haloperidol, which first had documented success in 1961 6,7 are still being used, although successive generations of "atypicals" are currently more in vogue,as are medications such as alpha-2-adrenergic agonists. Interestingly, haloperidol remains the only medication prescribed on licence in many parts of the world. In contrast to disorders such as ADHD, in which it is clear which treatments work and which do not require further study 8 , a variety of treatment studies in GTS are still being undertaken, including using other medications (trying to improve efficacy and reduce side effects), behavioural therapies, deep brain stimulation (for refractory cases), and other more "alternative" methods such as "orthotics" (teeth braces). The GTS community has to first agree on how common GTS is and then seek funding for research in the areas of major importance.2. Epidemiology [suggested 500 words, is 444 words, 6 additional refs] Mary Robertson GTS was for many years thought to be not only very rare, but a bizarre curiosity, with sporadic case reports peppering the literature. The belief that GTS was uncommon at the very least was held by many until Comings 9 controversially suggested that GTS occurred in between 0.66% and...

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“…157 Disease prevalence in children and adolescents has been estimated at 0.8%, although this figure drops to 0.05% in adults. 138 Symptoms typically present before puberty, with an average age at onset of 6.4 years, and a male predominance (4.4:1).…”

Section: Tourette Syndrome Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders: where we are now

Cleary

Ozpinar

Raslan

et al. 2015

FOC

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Fossil records showing trephination in the Stone Age provide evidence that humans have sought to influence the mind through physical means since before the historical record. Attempts to treat psychiatric disease via neurosurgical means in the 20th century provided some intriguing initial results. However, the indiscriminate application of these treatments, lack of rigorous evaluation of the results, and the side effects of ablative, irreversible procedures resulted in a backlash against brain surgery for psychiatric disorders that continues to this day. With the advent of psychotropic medications, interest in invasive procedures for organic brain disease waned. Diagnosis and classification of psychiatric diseases has improved, due to a better understanding of psychiatric patho-physiology and the development of disease and treatment biomarkers. Meanwhile, a significant percentage of patients remain refractory to multiple modes of treatment, and psychiatric disease remains the number one cause of disability in the world. These data, along with the safe and efficacious application of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for movement disorders, in principle a reversible process, is rekindling interest in the surgical treatment of psychiatric disorders with stimulation of deep brain sites involved in emotional and behavioral circuitry. This review presents a brief history of psychosurgery and summarizes the development of DBS for psychiatric disease, reviewing the available evidence for the current application of DBS for disorders of the mind.

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Prevalence of Tic Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cited by 419 publications

References 38 publications

The prevalence of tic disorders in children and adolescents in Brazil

The prevalence of tic disorders in children and adolescents in Brazil

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome

Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders: where we are now

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