Prevalence of the porcine cytomegalovirus virus (PCMV), a porcine roseolovirus, in wild boars in Italy and Germany

Hansen, Sabrina; Franzo, Giovanni; Menandro, Maria Luisa; Krabben, Ludwig; Marino, Stephen F.; Kaufer, Benedikt B.; Denner, Joachim

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1898102/v1

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…PCMV/PRV is ubiquitously found in wild and domestic swine. A recent study detected PCMV/PRV in 5–82% of wild boars in Italy and Germany, when both PCR‐ and Western blot‐based assays were applied 10 . PCMV/PRV has repeatedly been found in herds specifically bred for xenotransplantation purposes 11 .…”

Section: Prevalence and Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent study detected PCMV/PRV in 5-82% of wild boars in Italy and Germany, when both PCR-and Western blot-based assays were applied. 10 PCMV/PRV has repeatedly been found in herds specifically bred for xenotransplantation purposes. 11 The natural course of infection is believed to be an early infection, likely after weaning of protection by maternal immunization.…”

Section: Prevalence and Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Porcine cytomegalovirus/porcine roseolovirus (PCMV/PRV): A threat for xenotransplantation?

Mueller

Denner

2022

Xenotransplantation

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The potential for a donor-derived transmission of porcine cytomegalovirus/porcine roseolovirus (PCMV/PRV) to the recipient has been recognized since pigs were considered candidate donors for xenotransplantation. This review gives a short description of the viral properties and summarizes the current evidence of the effects of PCMV/PRV transmission in preclinical xenotransplantation. Despite evidence that PCMV/PRV does not infect human and non-human primate cells, activation in the transplanted organ and detrimental systemic complications have been described. As PCMV/PRV is a herpesvirus able to establish latency, the importance of adequate screening of donor pigs is emphasized, as no efficient treatment is available. Furthermore, easy and successful ways of elimination of PCMV/PRV from pig herds are indicated.

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Section: Prevalence and Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prevalence and Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Porcine cytomegalovirus/porcine roseolovirus (PCMV/PRV): A threat for xenotransplantation?

Mueller

Denner

2022

Xenotransplantation

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“…Antibodies of maternal origin declined in titre between 2–3 and 5–6 weeks. Later the majority of piglets showed seroconversion as a result of virus infection 17 . In pigs, the epitheliochorial placenta does not allow the passage of both antibodies and immune cells from sow to fetus, so the newborn pig survival depends on the intake of maternal derived antibodies within colostrum and milk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How, where and when to screen for porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) in donor pigs for xenotransplantation

Halecker

Hansen

Krabben

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV), that is actually a porcine roseolovirus (PRV), is a common herpesvirus in domestic pigs and wild boars. In xenotransplantation, PCMV/PRV has been shown to significantly reduce the survival time of pig kidneys and hearts in preclinical trials with different non-human primates. Furthermore, PCMV/PRV has been transmitted in the first pig to human heart xenotransplantation and contributed to the death of the patient. Although transmitted to the recipient, there is no evidence that PCMV/PRV can infect primate cells including human cells. PCMV/PRV is closely related to the human herpesviruses 6 and 7, and only distantly related to the human CMV (HCMV). Antiviral drugs used for the treatment of HCMV are less effective against PCMV/PRV. However, there are well described strategies to eliminate the virus from pig facilities. In order to detect the virus and to eliminate it, highly sensitive detection methods and the knowledge of how, where and when to screen the donor pigs is required. Here, a comparative testing of organs from pigs of different ages using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based and immunological methods was performed. Testing young piglets, PCMV/PRV was detected effectively by PCR in blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, tonsils and heart. In adult animals, detection by PCR was not successful in most cases, because the virus load was below the detection limit or the virus was in its latent stage. Therefore, detection of antibodies against selected recombinant proteins corresponding to epitopes detected by nearly all infected animals in a Western blot assay is advantageous. By contrast, immunological testing is not beneficial in young animals as piglets might have PCMV/PRV-specific antibodies obtained from their infected mother via the colostrum. Using a thoughtful combination of PCR-based and immunological methods, detection of PCMV/PRV in donor pigs for xenotransplantation is feasible and a controlled elimination of the virus by early weaning or other methods is possible.

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“…The detection of PCMV/PRV was performed using a real-time PCR assay with speci c primers and a probe developed by Mueller et al [13] (Table 1). All assays were performed as duplex real-time PCR using as reference gene porcine glycerinaldehyd-3-phosphat-dehydrogenase (pGAPDH) with a speci c primer-probe mixture (Table 1) [14] as described previously [15][16][17]. All experiments were performed with the SensiFAST Probe No-ROX kit (Meridian Bioscience, Cincinnati, OH, USA) and the qTOWER3 G qPCR cycler (Analytik Jena, Jena, Germany).…”

Section: Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (Pcr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reaction for the PCMV/PRV real-time PCR was carried out for 2 min at 50°C for activation, 10 min at 95°C followed by 45 cycles comprising 15 s at 95°C for denaturation and 60 s at 60°C for annealing and elongation. As positive control a PCMV/PRV-speci c gene block was used as described [15]. protein was shown to be immunodominant [18].…”

Section: Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (Pcr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of porcine cytomegalovirus, a roseolovirus, in pig ovaries and follicular fluid: Implications for somatic cells nuclear transfer, cloning and xenotransplantation

Hansen

Fischer

Krabben

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) is a porcine roseolovirus (PCMV/PRV) which is widely distributed in pigs. Transmission of PCMV/PRV in preclinical xenotransplantations was shown to significantly reduce the survival time of the pig transplants in non-human primates. PCMV/PRV was also transmitted in the first transplantation of a pig heart into a human patient. To analyze how PCMV/PRV could be introduced into pig breeds, especially considering cloned transgenic pigs, and subsequently spread in breeding facilities, we screened ovaries and derived materials which are used to perform somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Methods: DNA was isolated from ovary tissues, follicular fluids, oocytes with cumulus cells, denuded oocytes and parthenotes. A real-time PCR with PCMV/PRV-specific primers and probes was performed to detect PCMV/PRV. Furthermore, a Western blot assay using a recombinant fragment of the gB protein of PCMV/PRV was performed to screen for virus-specific antibodies in the follicular fluids. Results: PCMV/PRV was found by real-time PCR in ovary tissues, in the follicular fluid and in oocytes. In parthenotes the virus could not be detected, most-likely due to the low amount of DNA used. By Western blot assay specific antibodies against PCMV/PRV in 19 of 20 analyzed follicular fluids were found. Conclusion: PCMV/PRV was found in ovary tissues, in the follicular fluids and also in denuded oocytes, indicating that the virus is present in the animals of which the oocytes were taken from. Despite several washing steps of the denuded oocytes, which are subsequently used for microinjection or SCNT, the virus could still be detected. Therefore, the virus could infect oocytes during genetic modifications or stay attached to the surface of the oocytes, potentially infecting SCNT recipient animals.

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Prevalence of the porcine cytomegalovirus virus (PCMV), a porcine roseolovirus, in wild boars in Italy and Germany

Cited by 6 publications

References 38 publications

Porcine cytomegalovirus/porcine roseolovirus (PCMV/PRV): A threat for xenotransplantation?

Porcine cytomegalovirus/porcine roseolovirus (PCMV/PRV): A threat for xenotransplantation?

How, where and when to screen for porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) in donor pigs for xenotransplantation

Detection of porcine cytomegalovirus, a roseolovirus, in pig ovaries and follicular fluid: Implications for somatic cells nuclear transfer, cloning and xenotransplantation

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