Prevalence of the Bacterium <i>Coxiella burnetii</i> in Wild Rodents from a Canadian Natural Environment Park

Thompson, Michele; Mykytczuk, Nadia; Gooderham, Krista L.; Schulte‐Hostedde, Albrecht I.

doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01493.x

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(102 reference statements)

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“…We believe that red deer populations constitute a highly relevant node in the life cycle of C. burnetii, but particular scenarios of interaction with third species need to be further investigated. Wild lagomorphs and small mammals infected by C. burnetii, among others, may excrete infectious bacteria (45,49,50) and therefore constitute relevant pieces of the C. burnetii maintenance and transmission puzzle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host and Environmental Factors Modulate the Exposure of Free-Ranging and Farmed Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) to Coxiella burnetii

González‐Barrio

Ávila

Boadella³

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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fThe control of multihost pathogens, such as Coxiella burnetii, should rely on accurate information about the roles played by the main hosts. We aimed to determine the involvement of the red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the ecology of C. burnetii. We predicted that red deer populations from broad geographic areas within a European context would be exposed to C. burnetii, and therefore, we hypothesized that a series of factors would modulate the exposure of red deer to C. burnetii. To test this hypothesis, we designed a retrospective survey of 47 Iberian red deer populations from which 1,751 serum samples and 489 spleen samples were collected. Sera were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in order to estimate exposure to C. burnetii, and spleen samples were analyzed by PCR in order to estimate the prevalence of systemic infections. Thereafter, we gathered 23 variables-within environmental, host, and management factors-potentially modulating the risk of exposure of deer to C. burnetii, and we performed multivariate statistical analyses to identify the main risk factors. Twenty-three populations were seropositive (48.9%), and C. burnetii DNA in the spleen was detected in 50% of the populations analyzed. The statistical analyses reflect the complexity of C. burnetii ecology and suggest that although red deer may maintain the circulation of C. burnetii without third species, the most frequent scenario probably includes other wild and domestic host species. These findings, taken together with previous evidence of C. burnetii shedding by naturally infected red deer, point at this wild ungulate as a true reservoir for C. burnetii and an important node in the life cycle of C. burnetii, at least in the Iberian Peninsula.C oxiella burnetii is a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium that causes Q fever, a disease that affects both humans and animals. Whereas the epidemiological status of C. burnetii in European domestic ruminants is well known (1), information for wildlife is mostly local and scattered (2, 3). Although the majority of human Q fever outbreaks are linked to the transmission of C. burnetii from domestic ruminants (4, 5), the ability of C. burnetii to infect wild hosts (3, 6) and its high environmental resistance (1) make wildlife species potential reservoirs of C. burnetii. Based on this hypothesis, wildlife could maintain C. burnetii and transmit it to wildlife (7), domestic animals (8), or humans (9). It is therefore of paramount relevance (i) to identify those potential wild reservoir species that could, through direct and indirect interactions, transmit C. burnetii to target species (domestic animals and humans) and (ii) to determine which environmental factors are the main drivers of C. burnetii within the most relevant wild reservoirs. Efficient prevention of C. burnetii transmission at the wildlifedomestic-animal-human interface can be approached only once the main reservoirs have been identified and the driving risk factors are known (10).Several wild ruminant species are present and wel...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host and Environmental Factors Modulate the Exposure of Free-Ranging and Farmed Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) to Coxiella burnetii

González‐Barrio

Ávila

Boadella³

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…In Canada, there is evidence that sheep, rodents, cats, cattle, and goats shed C. burnetii (Lang, 1988;Marrie et al, 1988;Thompson et al, 2012). Contact with infected livestock or being in the vicinity of infected livestock have been identified as significant risk factors for human exposure and disease (Van Der Hoek et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) is a zoonotic intracellular bacterium that can infect a wide variety of mammals, birds and arthropods (Astobiza et al, 2011;Enright et al, 1971;Maurin and Raoult, 1999;Thompson et al, 2012). In goats, C. burnetii infection can result in clinical disease, called coxiellosis (Lang, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coxiella burnetii seropositivity and associated risk factors in goats in Ontario, Canada

Meadows

Jones‐Bitton

McEwen

et al. 2015

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

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Coxiella burnetii is a zoonotic bacterium, and infection in goats with this bacterium can result in abortion, stillbirth or birth of non-viable kids. A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the seroprevalence and risk factors for C. burnetii exposure in Ontario goats. Sera were collected between August 2010 and February 2012, and tested for C. burnetii specific antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IDEXX). Overall, 63.2% (48/76, 95% CI=51.9-73.4) of farms had one or more seropositive goats. A higher farm-level seroprevalence of 78.6% (33/42) was found on dairy goat farms, compared to 44.1% (15/34) on meat goat farms (p<0.01). At the overall individual-animal level, 32.5% (714/2195, 95% CI=30.6-34.5) of goats were seropositive. Similarly, a higher individual-level seroprevalence was identified for dairy goats (43.7%, 633/1447) compared to meat goats (10.8%, 81/748) (p<0.001). A mixed multivariable logistic model that controlled for farm-level clustering identified risk factors associated with seropositivity (p<0.05). Increases in the female herd size (logarithmic scale) were associated with increased odds of seropositivity, while increases in male herd size had a negative association with seropositivity. If other sheep or goat farms were located in a 5-km radius, goats had 5.6 times (95% CI=1.01-30.8) times the odds of seropositivity compared to those that were not. Relative to goats from farms where all kidding pen hygiene was practiced (adding bedding, removing birth materials and disinfection after kidding), goats from farms which only added bedding and removed birth materials had a higher odds of seropositivity (OR=19.3, 95% CI=1.1-330.4), as did goats from farms which practiced none of these measures (OR=161.0, 95% CI=2.4-10822.2). An interaction term revealed kidding outdoors when there were no swine on farm had a protective effect on seropositivity compared to kidding indoors, or kidding outdoors with swine on the farm. These results can inform strategies to mitigate exposure to C. burnetii in Ontario.

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“…Natural infections have been reported in domestic birds and in wild birds Astobiza et al 2011). In terrestrial as well as in marine wildlife the presence of C. burnetii has been confirmed in roe deer, wild boars, rodents, European hare, pacific harbour seal, a Steller sea lion, Northern fur seals and harbour porpoises (Thompson et al 2012;Astobiza et al 2011;Lapointe et al 1999;Kersh et al 2012;Kersh et al 2010;Duncan et al 2012). These data indicate a sylvatic cycle for C. burnetii, in which ticks probably play an important role as vector.…”

Section: Host Rangementioning

confidence: 86%

Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii): A Blueprint for Outbreaks

Roest

Frangoulidis

2014

Zoonoses - Infections Affecting Humans and Animals

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About 80 years ago, Q fever research began due to human outbreaks of unknown origin, associated with domestic animals. Since then, some but not all characteristics of this "query" disease, caused by the intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii were revealed. In this chapter the bacteriology of the bacterium, clinical presentation, epidemiology and transmission of the disease in humans and animals are presented. Domestic small ruminants are the main source of human Q fever. Although Q fever is considered to be an occupational disease, outbreaks have a major public health impact and attract most attention. The Dutch Q fever outbreak, involving 4000 human cases over the years [2007][2008][2009][2010], is an example of how Q fever can re-emerge from an endemic state into an outbreak of unforeseen dimension. In this outbreak the epidemiological link between dairy goats and human cases was confirmed by genotyping for the first time. This was possible due to the previous development of genotyping assays that are applicable on clinical material. Although Q fever seems to be a blue print for outbreaks it is not known yet what factors are essential to cause outbreaks and how they interact. To prevent outbreaks, a better understanding of these factors and their interaction is necessary and research should therefore focus on this.

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Prevalence of the Bacterium Coxiella burnetii in Wild Rodents from a Canadian Natural Environment Park

Cited by 22 publications

References 45 publications

Host and Environmental Factors Modulate the Exposure of Free-Ranging and Farmed Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) to Coxiella burnetii

Host and Environmental Factors Modulate the Exposure of Free-Ranging and Farmed Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) to Coxiella burnetii

Coxiella burnetii seropositivity and associated risk factors in goats in Ontario, Canada

Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii): A Blueprint for Outbreaks

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